Rate independent hysteresis in a bi-stable chain

The nontrivial behavior of an elastic chain with identical bi-stable elements may be considered prototypical for a large number of nonlinear processes in solids ranging from phase transitions to fracture. The energy landscape of such a chain is extremely wiggly which gives rise to multiple equilibrium configurations and results in a hysteretic evolution and a possibility of trapping. In the present paper, which extends our previous study of the static equilibria in this system (Puglisi and Truskinovsky, J. Mech. Phys. Solids (2000) 1), we analyze the behavior of a bi-stable chain in a soft device under quasi-static loading. We assume that the system is over-damped and explore the variety of available nonequilibrium transformation paths. In particular, we show that the “minimal barrier” strategy leads to the localization of the transformation in a single spring. Loaded periodically, our bi-stable chain exhibits finite hysteresis which depends on the height of the admissible barrier; the cold work/heat ratio in this model is a fixed constant, proportional to the Maxwell stress. Comparison of the computed inner and outer hysteresis loops with recent experiments on shape memory wires demonstrates good qualitative agreement. Finally we discuss a relation between the present model and the Preisach model which is a formal interpolation scheme for hysteresis, also founded on the idea of bi-stability.     

再生喷射燃烧过程中点火特性的实验研究

建立了再生喷射燃烧过程的多功能实验装置和瞬态参数测量系统。针对点火器参数对点火特性的影响规律进行了大量的实验研究，导出了点火器参数与点火特性之间的实用定量关系曲线。在此基础上，进行了相应的再生喷射燃烧过程实验，取得了较好地实验结果。研究表明:通过控制点火器参数以获得与再生喷射燃烧过程的匹配要求相适应的点火特性，对获得性能良好的燃烧过程具有重要意义。     

瞬态加速液柱的流体力学问题研究

介绍了用激波和压缩气体加速液柱时的流体动力现象的实验研究,实验中采用了高速摄影技术。研究分为两部分:第一部分,液柱在被加速后在管内的气/液两相流的发展以及流出管外后喷雾流的形成,喷雾流自下而上产生;第二部分,气/液界面上的流体力学不稳定性,即Rayleigh Taylor(RT)不稳定性及Richt myer Meshkov(RM)不稳定性,液柱自上而下运动。实验发现,用此方法产生的喷雾具有流量大、射程远、覆盖面积大等特点。液柱在管内的加速过程中,上端面保持平面,下端面在经历了初始的不稳定性之后形成弹状流。在本实验的驱动压力及马赫数的范围内,RT和RM不稳定性的后期的发展过程比较接近,尽管两者的增长率不同。在RT不稳定性的初始阶段,高密度流体的尖钉先伸入低密度流体中;但是,在RM不稳定性的初始阶段,低密度的气泡先伸入高密度流体中。     

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from ambient air particulate matter using a cold fiber solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from ambient air particulate matter (PM) were analyzed by a new method that utilized direct immersion (DI) and cold fiber (CF) SPME-GC/MS. Experimental design was used to optimize the conditions of extraction by DI-CF-SPME with a 100μm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber. The optimal conditions included a 5min equilibration at 70°C time in an ultrasonic bath with an extraction time of 60min. The optimized method was validated by the analysis of a NIST standard reference material (SRM), 1649b urban dust. The results obtained were in good agreement with certified values. PAH recoveries for reference materials were between 88 and 98%, with a relative standard deviation ranging from 5 to 17%. Detection limits (LOD) varied from 0.02 to 1.16ng and the quantification limits (LOQ) varied from 0.05 to 3.86ng. The optimized and validated method was applied to the determination of PAH from real particulate matter (PM10) and total suspended particulate (TPS) samples collected on quartz fiber filters with high volume samplers.     

Direct monitoring of drug degradation by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry: the case of enalapril

Using enalapril maleate as a test case, the ability of ambient mass spectrometry, namely, via easy ambient sonic‐spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI‐MS), to perform direct monitoring of drug degradation has been tested. Two manufacturing processes were investigated (direct compression and wet granulation), and the formation of degradation products was measured via both EASI‐MS and high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection for a total period of 18 months. Both techniques provide comparable results, which indicate that direct analysis by ambient mass spectrometric techniques presents a viable alternative for drug degradation monitoring with superior simplicity, throughput, and reliability (no sample manipulation), and comparable quantitative results. In terms of qualitative monitoring, the full mass spectra with intact species provided by EASI‐MS allow for comprehensive monitoring of known and unknown (or unexpected) degradation products. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低温等离子模型中的一个混合型方程的闭Dirichlet问题

描述理想的低温等离子体中电磁波传播的模型是一个椭圆双曲混合型方程.证明了该方程闭Dirichlet问题弱解的存在唯一性.该结果关于区域的几何结构要求较少.由于这里所讨论的方程的奇异性与Keldysh方程的奇异性有相似性质,而后者的奇异性比Tricomi方程更强,因此关于其正则性的研究是很有意义的.作者给出了一个内正则性结果.     

Aerodynamics of indirect thrust measurement by the impulse method

The aerodynamic aspects of indirect thrust measurement by the impulse method have been studied both experimentally and numerically. The underlying basic aerodynamic principle is outlined, the phenomena in subsonic, supersonic and arc-heated jets are explored, and factors affecting the accuracy of the method are studied and discussed. Results show that the impulse method is reliable for indirect thrust measurement if certain basic requirements are met, and a simple guideline for its proper application is given.     

Rumford and the Reflection of Radiant Cold: Historical Reflections and Metaphysical Reflexes

In this paper I examine the debate regarding the positive reality of cold: whether it is merely an absence of heat, or a quality or entity in its own right. Marc-Auguste Pictet stimulated this debate by showing that radiation from a cold object apparently could be focused by concave mirrors to cool another object some distance away from it. Pictet and other believers in material theories of heat, most notably Pierre Prevost, sought to understand this phenomenon as a result of the radiation of caloric in a peculiar arrangement. By contrast, Count Rumford saw in Pictet's experiment a genuine action of “frigorific rays,” and performed striking new experiments to support his view. For Rumford heat and cold radiation consisted in sound-like undulations in the ether, a mechanism compatible with his own vibration theory of heat, and discordant with the caloric theory. Rumford's strong arguments were overruled only because of the general dominance of the caloric theory of heat. However, Rumford did push the caloric theory to develop in a direction that eventually led to its downfall. I revisit this debate without preconceived notions of the metaphysical nature of cold and heat.     

Comparative Study of Plasma Spray Flow Fields and Particle Behavior Near to Flat Inclined Substrates

Numerical models have been developed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis program FLUENT V6.02^© to investigate the effect of the substrate on the behavior of the plasma flow fields and in-flight particles. Simulations are performed for cases where flat substrates are either present or absent, for the former, the substrate is oriented perpendicularly or inclined to the torch axis. It is shown that although the presence of perpendicular or inclined substrate significantly influences the plasma flow fields at the vicinity of the substrate, the particle behavior remain relatively unaffected. The insignificant effect of the substrate on particle behavior is qualitatively verified by experimental observation using SprayWatch^© imaging diagnostics equipment. Images captured by the equipment confirm that the particles travel through the plasma plume with high momentum and show no sudden change in theirtrajectories right before impacting the substrate. Both the numerical and experimental findings show that the freestream model is sufficiently detailed for future work of this nature.