电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定海洋沉积物中34种痕量元素

用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定海洋沉积物中34种痕量元素,样品于聚四氟乙烯封闭坩埚中用氢氟酸和硝酸溶解,运用干扰方程校正光谱干扰,用内标校正消除基体影响。方法检出限(3s/k)在0.046～160 ng.g-1之间。通过分析4个海洋沉积物标准物质对所提出方法的准确度和精密度做了考核,所得测定结果与标准物质的认定值相吻合,各元素测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于10%。     

海洋沉积物中不同结合态无机碳的测定

作为全球碳的重要源与汇的海洋沉积物,在碳循环中起着重要的作用。探讨沉积物中无机碳的行为对深入了解海洋碳循环具有重要意义。本研究根据沉积物中无机碳在不同溶剂中的溶解能力不同,利用顺序浸提法,将沉积物中的无机碳分为：NaCl相(Ⅰ)、氨水相(Ⅱ)、氢氧化钠相（Ⅲ）、盐酸羟胺相（Ⅳ）和盐酸相(Ⅴ)。通过大量实验确定了不同相的最佳浸取条件。在Ⅰ～Ⅲ相,分别将浸取剂和样品加入塑料离心管中,将离心管密封后放在震荡器上震荡2h,然后离心分离,并用水洗涤残渣,将洗涤液并入浸取液,最后用容量法测定其中的无机碳;在Ⅳ,Ⅴ相,将第Ⅲ步残渣转移到锥形瓶中,加入浸取剂后用高纯N2将所产生的CO2吹出,并用饱和Ba(OH)2溶液吸收,最后用容量法测定无机碳。该方法具有较好的精密度。     

滨海公共空间声环境感知评价及影响因素*

滨海公共空间是滨海城市人居环境的重要组成部分,其声环境质量是影响公共空间环境体验的关键因素。本研究以青岛沿海岸线四类滨海公共空间（步道类、广场类、公园类、沙滩类）的声环境为对象,通过问卷调查和实地测量探索滨海公共空间声环境的特征、感知评价及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）滨海公共空间当前环境噪声水平基本不超过国家标准限值55dB(A) ,各类空间声环境客观特征显著不同：公园噪声水平最低,自然声源丰富;广场噪声水平最高,各种城市噪声较多;步道噪声水平较低,但受到交通噪声的影响;沙滩噪声水平较高,但以中低频的海浪声为主,比较稳定。（2）各类滨海公共空间的声源感知以自然声为主,但是广场的自然声源感知较少。此外,声环境的愉悦感评价普遍较高,但在事件感、吵闹度和总体满意度评价上具有显著差异：沙滩声环境总体评价最好,其次是公园,广场和步道的声环境则亟待改善。（3）交通噪声和最大声级Lmax对声环境的负面影响最为显著,此外受访者年龄也是影响滨海公共空间声环境感知评价的关键因素。研究结论可以为滨海公共空间声环境的优化设计提供理论依据。     

Debris impact forces on flexible structures in extreme hydrodynamic conditions

Field surveys of recent major flood events have emphasized the need for an in-depth examination of debris loading. Debris loading occurs when solid objects entrained within the flow interact with a structure in its movement path, exerting loads through direct impacts or damming. Until now, the focus of research into debris impacts has concentrated on single debris impacting a rigid structure. This study extends to examining the influence of debris impacting a flexible structure. A two degree-of-freedom (2DOF) system was used to model the debris–structure interaction. The model is compared with two experimental data sets using a rigid body and the effective stiffness model. The proposed 2DOF model was shown to be more accurate in estimating the impact force than those to which it was compared to. However, due to difficulties in estimating the stiffness and inertia of the structure and the debris, the proposed model under predicted the maximum measured impact loads. The effective stiffness model was shown to represent the maximum measured impact loads, and should therefore be implemented in the design process when considering debris impacts on flexible structures.     

Oil Decontamination of Bottom Sediments: Past,Present and Future

Experimental trial and manufacturing application of technologies and devices for purification of water bodies from oil and petroleum products are developed at the premises of Biological Institute of National Research Tomsk State University. More attention is paid to treatment of bottom sediments from oil and petroleum products. As a result of oil contamination, bottom sediments of some water bodies are covered with continuous layer of oil, and water bodies have lost their commercial fishing importance. In 2004-2006 for the first time scientists of National Research Tomsk State University and scientific technical association “Priborservice” conducted experimental trial of treatment bottom sediments technologies from oil on the arctic water bodies of Komi Republic and flood bypass conduits of Yugra (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area) to obtain unique results of experimental tests of technologies and equipment.     

Alkylated phenol series in lacustrine black shales from the Nördlinger Ries,southern Germany

Several series of alkylated phenols were detected for the first time in the extractable bitumens of organic matter‐rich sediments from the Nördlinger Ries (southern Germany). Most abundant and significant constituents comprise those with n‐octadecyl, n‐eicosanyl, phytanyl, and iso‐pentadecyl and anteiso‐pentadecyl substituents. The structures of these compounds are suggested from mass spectrometric and retention time data and coinjection with synthetic standards. Diagenetic alteration of phenolic algal lipids is suggested as a possible way to the formation of these compounds in the Nördlinger Ries sediments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimisation of sample pre-treatment method for the determination of triclosan in marine sediments by high-performance liquid chromatography and marine benthic quality assessment in the southern Baltic Sea

This study comprises optimisation of sample preparation and HPLC analytical procedure for the determination of a personal care product ingredient, triclosan (TCS), in marine sediments. The testing of several varying pre-treatment parameters confirmed that ultrasonic extraction is an effective method for the isolation of TCS from marine sediments, and that the choice of extraction solvent appeared to be of major importance. The selection of the mobile-phase composition and the absorption wavelength was made for the high-performance liquid chromatography analysis step. Based on the validated method, a preliminary assessment of the benthic ecosystem quality with regards to TCS contamination has been demonstrated in the southern Baltic Sea – a semi-enclosed sea, characterised by poor water exchange, thus particularly susceptible to anthropopression. TCS has been identified and quantified in situ in marine bottom sediments, sediment dwelling isopod – Saduria entomon L. and estimated in silico in pore waters based on the equilibrium partition theory in order to assess the potential exposure and uptake from the aqueous phase. TCS concentrations identified in the bottom sediments of the Gdansk Basin, as the natural habitat for studied S.entomon L., appear to be threatening to the benthic environment. Particularly when considering S. entomon L. as a major nutrition source for cod (Gadus morhua) undergoing the feminisation process, since the recent studies prove TCS to have a potential to induce critical alterations in the endocrine system of marine ichthyofauna.     

Plutonium fractionation in southern Baltic Sea sediments

In this study, different chemical plutonium fractions (dissolved in water, connected to carbonates, connected to oxides, complexed with organic matter, mineral acids soluble and the rest) in sediments from the Vistula River estuary, the Gdańsk Basin and the Bornholm Deep were determined. The distribution of ^239+240Pu in analysed sediments samples was not uniform but dependent on its chemical form, depth and the sediment geomorphology. The highest amount of plutonium exists in middle parts of sediments and comes from the global atmospheric fallout from nuclear tests in 1958–1961. According to all analysed fractions, the biggest amount of ^239+240Pu was in the mobile form, connected to carbonate fractions from the Vistula River estuary, the Gulf of Gdańsk and the Bornholm Deep sediments.     

Isotopengeochemische Untersuchungen an organischen Substanzen aus Sedimenten der Hilsmulde (Nordwestdeutschland)

Abstract

Model coalification experiments have been carried out using organic matter in sediments from the Hils syncline. In the experiments we wanted to elucidate, to what extent different facies situations can be observed in the investigated region and which conclusions can be drawn regarding the type of originating substances for hydrocarbons adsorbed in drilling cores. As a result of chemical and isotope analyses the organic substances should be characterized not only as pure sapropelites but show in different degree the participation of humic organic matter.

The obtained data of the several evaluation methods used for the characterization of organic matter are in good agreement for the particular samples.     

Pyrolysis–GC–MS to trace terrigenous organic matter in marine sediments: a comparison between pyrolytic and lipid markers in the Adriatic Sea

The effectiveness of semiquantitative pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py–GC–MS) as a rapid analytical technique for sourcing continental organic matter (OM) in marine sediments was examined by comparison with classical GC–MS analyses of solvent extractable lipid markers. Py–GC–MS was directly applied to HCl/HF de-ashed surface sediment samples collected in five stations located in north western Adriatic Sea. The resulting pyrolysates were characterised by compounds indicative of different biological precursors (e.g. proteins, carbohydrates, chlorophylls), including lignin methoxyphenols diagnostic for continental inputs. The relative abundance of pyrolytic markers was compared to the distribution of n-alkanes, n-alkanols and sterols extracted from the same sediments and determined by GC–MS analyses. For each class of molecular indicators, the terrigenous to aquatic ratio (TAR) was determined as follows: relative abundance of methoxyphenol/protein markers (TAR_PY), concentration ratios of (C27 + C29 + C31)/(C15 + C17 + C19) n-alkanes (TAR_HC), (C26 + C28+ C30)/(C14 + C16) n-alkanols (TAR_AL) and sitosterol/cholesterol (TAR_ST). A positive correlation was found between TAR_PY and both TAR_HC and TAR_AL indicating a decreasing contribution of land-plant-derived materials seaward in two investigated transects. TAR_ST values displayed a different trend suggesting a mixed origin for sitosterol. The distribution of TAR_PY values was also in good agreement with that of atomic C/N ratios. Considering the complexity of environmental systems (diagenetic alteration, different fractions of OM analysed) the obtained results indicate that the pyrolytic marker approach by Py–GC–MS is valuable for sourcing marine OM on a semiquantitative base, providing data consistent with GC–MS determinations of lipid markers and elemental bulk analyses.