Datierung von Ostseesedimenten mit 210Pb

The paper reports on the results of²¹⁰Pb measurement in sediment cores from the Baltic Sea. The models used for the interpretation are derived and discussed. In general, the sedimentation parameters calculated with different models are consistent. However, parameters of cores independently taken on same stations partly show clearly differing values. The reasons of this observation has to be analysed by further studies.

An essential problem considered in this paper is the dating of disturbed sediments. The use of such cores for the reconstruction of the input history of chemical indicators requires a deconvolution of data. The response function necessary for this procedure can be derived from ²¹⁰Pb measurements. The results of such a reconstruction considerably differ from those obtained by conventional dating models. The analysis of the measuring uncertainty of the indicator (e.g. lead) in the deconvolution procedure unveals the limits of the method and prevents it from overinterpretation.     

A Comparison on Five Sediment Decomposition Procedures for Determining Anthropogenic Trace Metal Pollution

Abstract

Five different procedures of sediment decomposition were compared, for evaluating the one more appropriated for assessing anthropogenic metal pollution. Exchangeable-metal extraction in sodium acetate, weak extraction in hydroxylamine hydrochloride/acetic acid, moderate extraction in diluted hydrochloric acid, oxidising strong acid digestion and total decomposition with hydrofluoric acid were tested. The mildest sodium acetate attack, which gives also better account for the bioavailable metal fraction, is the more effective in enhancing differences between polluted sediments and nonpolluted ones. Copper, lead and zinc are the best indicators of trace metal pollution of surface sediments.     

Distribution of total carbohydrates in surface sediments of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast,in relation to some inorganic factors

The interrelation between calcium, magnesium, carbonate, fluoride and total carbohydrates (THCO) distribution was investigated for surface sediments collected from three sectors (A–C) along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast during the summer of 2008. The recent ultrasound-acetic acid technique was used for the simultaneous extraction and hydrolysis of total carbohydrates. Based on the average values, the sandy sediments of sector (C) exhibited the highest THCO levels (163.78 ± 53.28 μg/g). In contrast, the silty sand sediments of sector (A) had the lowest average THCO level (8.56 ± 2.60 μg/g). Linear regression model with one predictor showed that there are significant correlations between total carbohydrates, carbonate and fluoride suggesting the common origin of these components. Neither calcium nor magnesium has correlation with THCO. This study revealed that carbonate is the dominant factor affecting the distribution of carbohydrates in the sediments. The spatial distribution of THCO was not affected by the potential sources of runoff, but varied according to the sediments mineralogy.     

气相色谱-质谱-自动质谱解卷积技术在沉积物和污泥中有机污染物非靶标筛查中的应用

以沉积物和污泥中非极性和弱极性有机污染物的非靶标筛查为目的,建立了一种超声波辅助提取-气相色谱-质谱结合自动解卷积技术的筛查方法。以二氯甲烷为溶剂超声波辅助提取样品3次,每次20 min,提取液经凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和硅胶层析柱净化,再用3 g铜粉超声10 min除硫。前处理方法的重复性(RSD, n=5)为5.8%~14.9%。采用自动质谱解卷积软件(AMDIS)和标准谱库定性鉴别出所含的有机物。在两类样品中共鉴别出290种有机污染物,其中沉积物样品中190种,污泥样品中153种。鉴别出的污染物包括美国环境保护署(EPA)优先控制污染物、药物和除草剂等新型污染物、抗氧化剂、中间体、有机溶剂及化工原料等。该方法灵敏度高,重复性好,可用于复杂基质样品中有机污染物的非靶标筛查。     

Use of Mössbauer spectroscopy to determine the effect of salinity on the speciation of triorganotins in Anacostia River sediments

The speciation of several tributyltin and triphenyltin compounds under varying salinity conditions (0, 20, 40 and 60%) was studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy in both anaerobic and aerobic Anacostia River sediments. The Mössbauer spectral parameters of the spiked sediments indicated that changes in the salinity did not affect the speciation of the tin compounds in either aerobic or anaerobic sediments.     

FEATURES OF BIOECONOMICS MODELS FOR THE OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF A FISHERY EXPLOITED BY TWO DIFFERENT FLEETS

ABSTRACT. After the extension of the Exclusive Economic Zone, in 1977, to 200 miles, most fish stocks came under jurisdiction of the adjacent coastal states. This development opened prospects of effective management of the open sea fisheries. Coastal states have the right to plan out the operation of so-called by Clarke and Munro “distant water fishing nations” from their Exclusive Economic Zone. Under some arrangements, a foreign fleet is allowed to harvest the resource in the Exclusive Economic Zone area. Clarke and Munro, in [1987] and [1991], focus on the issue of optimum terms and conditions of access and, in doing so, built a multiobjective model. The main goal of the present work is the development of a more general model including more variables and parameters related to the presence of a domestic fleet as well as a distant water fishing nation. The main difficulty resides in sharing the harvesting between the two fleets. The study responds to the realistic problemof coastal states who own enough resource stocks to allow harvesting by several kinds of fleets. Two optimal scenarios are developed, in each of them a solution is given.     

EPXMA survey of shelf sediments (Southern Bight, North Sea): A glance beyond the XRD-invisible

Shelf sediments of the southern North Sea, were studied with a microanalytical [electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA)] and two bulk [X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF)] techniques. The investigation proved that the promptness of the microanalytical method is combined with a reasonable analytical reliability. XRD studies of such a type of sediments with monotonous mineral composition are not able to provide mineralogical information beyond the main well-crystalline minerals and the mineralogical quantitative characteristic of the sediment based on XRD estimations are incorrect. The EPXMA mineralogical interpretations are based on the statistical evaluation of a huge data set (thousands of mineral particles) and provide a rather correct quantitative determination of the main minerals. The comparative EPXMA-XRF study revealed that the Al, Si, K, Ca, Fe and to some extent Ti contents estimated by EPXMA are fairly reliable. In this respect the accuracy of the EPXMA-based mineral identification of the pure silicates, pure aluminosilicates, and Al-, Ca-, Fe- and Ti-containing minerals with simple composition is very high. Mg-calcite, augite and apatite determinations are assessed to be correct. The supposed accuracy of the clay mineral determinations is slightly lower (70-80%) than that of the other main minerals due to the complex and varying composition of the clays. The identification of XRD-invisible accessory minerals and quantification of their presence in the sediments is an essential advantage of the EPXMA, which makes it a useful approach in tracing the origin of the sediments, the pathways of their transport and the geochemical processes they have undergone.However, the EPXMA has several flaws, which need to be solved in the future sediment investigations: (1) calibration with natural standards is needed in order to provide a higher accuracy of the mineral determinations; (2) any EPXMA study of sediments needs to be secured with XRF examinations of selected samples since EPXMA gives only semi-quantitative information about the abundance of the elements; (3) ultra-thin window EPXMA of low-Z elements has to be used since some of them (O, C) are always present in the main sediment components: silicates, aluminosilicates, carbonates and metal oxyhydroxides; (4) the interpretations of the clay fraction have to be supported with detailed XRD investigations of selected samples, while the mineralogy of the silt and sand fractions needs to be backed up with optical microscopy studies. The information from different analytical techniques (EPXMA with XRF-XRD-optical microscopy of selected samples) combined with the knowledge about the most possible minerals in a given environment, would give the most reliable results in studying mineralogical composition of shelf sediments.     

Land-ocean interaction in modern delta formation and development: A case study of the Pearl River delta,China

The distinctive characteristics of the modern Pearl River delta formation and development are divided phases, diversity and imbalance in spatial and temporal. The delta was moving seaward gradually in a long period after the last Holocene glacial stage and the ancient drowned Pearl River estuary was predominated by tide. The delta was expanding quickly since fluvial force was turned to be leading status about 2500 years ago. The sediment grain size was changing longitudinally from coarser to finer. As well as the finer sediment may be reworked and redistributed shoreward by tidal current nearby the river mouth. And the fluvial-dominated delta is developed by the mutual deposition reflected in the vertical direction. According to the spatial difference of land-ocean interaction, the main body of the Pearl River delta which is the fluvial-dominated and protruding seaward is coupled with or concomitant with the estuaries and tide-dominated deltas which are adjoined to both sides of the main part like two wi     

A Comprehensive HPTLC-Based Analysis of the Impacts of Temperature on the Chemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Honey

Honeys are commonly subjected to a series of post-harvest processing steps, such as filtration and/or radiation treatment and heating to various temperatures, which might affect their physicochemical properties and bioactivity levels. Therefore, there is a need for robust quality control assessments after honey processing and storage to ensure that the exposure to higher temperatures, for example, does not compromise the honey’s chemical composition and/or antioxidant activity. This paper describes a comprehensive short-term (48 h) and long-term (5 months) study of the effects of temperature (40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C) on three commercial honeys (Manuka, Marri and Coastal Peppermint) and an artificial honey, using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis. Samples were collected at baseline, at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, and then monthly for five months. Then, they were analysed for potential changes in their organic extract HPTLC fingerprints, in their HPTLC-DPPH total band activities, in their major sugar composition and in their hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content. It was found that, while all the assessed parameters changed over the monitoring period, changes were moderate at 40 °C but increased significantly with increasing temperature, especially the honeys’ HPTLC-DPPH total band activity and HMF content.     

Modeling the coastal ocean over a time period of several weeks

From a scale analysis of hydrodynamic phenomena having a significant action on the drift of an object in coastal ocean waters, we deduce equations modeling the associated hydrodynamic fields over a time period of several weeks. These models are essentially non linear hyperbolic systems of PDE involving a small parameter. Then from the models we extract a simplified and nevertheless typical one for which we prove that its classical solution exists on a time interval which is independent of the small parameter. We then show that the solution weak-∗ converges as the small parameter goes to zero and we characterize the equation satisfied by the weak-∗ limit.