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21.
We investigate the full counting statistics of a voltage-driven normal metal(N)–superconductor(S) contact. In the low-bias regime below the superconducting gap, the NS contact can be mapped onto a purely normal contact, albeit with doubled voltage and counting fields. Hence in this regime the transport characteristics can be obtained by the corresponding substitution of the normal metal results. The elementary processes are single Andreev transfers and electron- and hole-like Andreev transfers. Considering Lorentzian voltage pulses we find an optimal quantization for half-integer Levitons. 相似文献
22.
23.
利用线形掺铒光纤激光器搭建了一种新型光纤传感测量系统来测量微振动位移.采用条纹计数法分析自混合干涉信号,实验显示扬声器的振幅与驱动电压成很好的线性关系.该实验装置结构简单、成本低.实验结果表明,用该传感系统来进行振动位移测量,信号稳定,方法简单、迅速. 相似文献
24.
A delayed coincidence method, time-interval analysis (TIA), has been applied to successive – decay events on the millisecond time-scale. Such decay events are part of the 220Rn216Po (T1/2 145 ms) (Th-series) and 219Rn215Po (T1/2 1.78 ms) (Ac-series). By using TIA in addition to measurement of 226Ra (U-series) from -spectrometry by liquid scintillation counting (LSC), two natural decay series could be identified and separated. The TIA detection efficiency was improved by using the pulse-shape discrimination technique (PSD) to reject -pulses, by solvent extraction of Ra combined with simple chemical separation, and by purging the scintillation solution with dry N2 gas. The U- and Th-series together with the Ac-series were determined, respectively, from alpha spectra and TIA carried out immediately after Ra-extraction. Using the 221Fr217At (T1/2 32.3 ms) decay process as a tracer, overall yields were estimated from application of TIA to the 225Ra (Np-decay series) at the time of maximum growth. The present method has proven useful for simultaneous determination of three radioactive decay series in environmental samples. 相似文献
25.
氮化碳(graphitic carbon nitride,g-CN)作为一种非金属半导体材料已被广泛应用于多种能源相关领域研究中。目前由于制备高质量g-CN薄膜的困难,大大限制了其在实际器件上的应用。本文中,我们报道了一种可制备高光学质量gCN薄膜的方法:即由三聚氰胺先通过热聚合制备本体g-CN粉末,再由本体g-CN粉末经过气相沉积在ITO导电玻璃或钠钙玻璃基底上制备g-CN薄膜。扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜的测量结果表明在ITO玻璃基底上形成的g-CN薄膜形貌结构均一且致密,厚度约为300nm。扫描电镜能量色散能谱和X射线光电子能谱测量结果表明在ITO玻璃基底上制备的g-CN薄膜的化学组成与本体g-CN粉末的化学组成基本一致。同时,我们发现制备的g-CN薄膜和本体g-CN粉末一样在光照射下可以有效降解亚甲基蓝染料。此外,我们还测量了制备的g-CN薄膜的稳态吸收光谱、稳态荧光光谱、荧光寿命和价带谱,并运用吸收光谱和价带谱数据确定了其能带结构。 相似文献
26.
Susumu Narita Takeshi Hamakawa Tetsuo Morikawa Tai-ichi Shibuya 《Monatshefte für Chemie / Chemical Monthly》2002,133(7):987-990
Summary. The generalized Pauling bond order was enumerated in the C60 fullerene cage molecule (truncated icosahedral symmetry). This index measures chemical similarity in fullerene derivatives
such as dihydrofullerene (C60H2), anionized monohydrofullerene (C60H−), N-substituted monohydrofullerene (C59NH), the fullerene dimer ((C60)2), and the dianionic fullerene dimer ((C60)2
2−). It is also useful in judging the chemical stability of isomers.
Received October 9, 2001. Accepted November 9, 2001 相似文献
27.
The production and transportation of fluorescent light produced in wavelength-shifting fibers (WSFs) coupled to YAP scintillation crystal is simulated using the GEANT4 codes.An advantage of the wavelength-shifting fiber readout technique over a direct readout with a position-sensitive photo-sensor is the reduced requirement for position sensitive photomultiplier tube photocathode area.With this gamma-ray detector,the gamma camera is small and flexible and has larger effective field of view and low cost.Simulation results show that a) a mean 12 of photons per 59.5 keV gamma ray interaction is produced in the WSF located nearest to the incident gamma ray,and a spatial resolution of 3.6 mm FWHM is obtained,b)a mean 27 of photons per 140 keV gamma ray interaction is produced and a spatial resolution of 3.1 mm FWHM is obtained.Results demonstrate the feasibility of this concept of a compact gamma-ray detector based on wavelength-shifting fibers readout.However,since the very low photoelectron levels,it is very important to use a photon counting device with good single photo-electron response to readout the WSFs. 相似文献
28.
This paper presents the concept of a Dielectric-lined Multiwave Cerenkov Generator(DMWCG) producing high power millimeter waves, which is investigated with a two and one half dimensional(
) electromagnetic relativistic Particle-in-Cell(PIC) simulation code. It is showed that the DMWCG can operate in a lower diode-voltage regime with much higher radiation efficiency as compared with the usual Multiwave Cerenkov Generator(MWCG). The simulation work indicates both the downshift of the wave frequency in the presence of the dielectric liner and the existence of the optima for the permittivity of the liner as well as for the magnitude of the guiding magnetic field. The required intensity of the guiding field is reduced with the introducing of the liner. The radiation is generated at the dominant frequency of 31.5GHz. The power level of 1.5GW is achieved, with radiation efficiency up to 15%. The features of parameter dependency are presented. And reasonable explanation is put forward. In addition, the enhanced propagation of the electron beam is studied in the presence of the dielectric liner. 相似文献
29.
Vincent T’kindt Karima Bouibede-Hocine Carl Esswein 《4OR: A Quarterly Journal of Operations Research》2005,3(1):1-21
In this paper we tackle an important point of combinatorial optimisation: that of complexity theory when dealing with the counting or enumeration of optimal solutions. Complexity theory has been initially designed for decision problems and evolved over the years, for instance, to tackle particular features in optimisation problems. It has also evolved, more or less recently, towards the complexity of counting and enumeration problems and several complexity classes, which we review in this paper, have emerged in the literature. This kind of problems makes sense, notably, in the case of multicriteria optimisation where the aim is often to enumerate the set of the so-called Pareto optima. In the second part of this paper we review the complexity of multicriteria scheduling problems in the light of the previous complexity results.Received: November 2004 / Received version: March 2005MSC classification:
90B40, 90C29, 68Q15 相似文献
30.