Properties of a recombinant β-glucosidase from polycentric anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces PC-2 and its application for cellulose hydrolysis

A β-glucosidase (BglA, EC 3.2.1.21) gene from the polycentric anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces PC-2 was cloned and sequenced. The enzyme containing 657 amino acid residues was homologous to certain animal, plant, and bacterial β-glucosidases but lacked significant similarity to those from aerobic fungi. Neither cellulose- nor protein-binding domains were found in BglA. When expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the enzyme was secreted in two forms with masses of about 110 kDa and also found in two forms associated with the yeast cells. K _m and V _max values of the secreted BglA were 0.762 mM and 8.20 μmol/(min·mg), respectively, with p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (pNPG) as the substrate and 0.310 mM and 6.45 μmol/(min·mg), respectively, for the hydrolysis of cellobiose. Glucose competitively inhibited the hydrolysis of pNPG with a K _i of 3.6 mM. β-Glucosidase significantly enhanced the conversion of cellulosic materials into glucose by Trichoderma reesei cellulase preparations, demonstrating its potential for use in biofuel and feedstock chemical production. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.     

乙醇在双功能Pd－Cu／分子筛催化剂上气相氧化酯化一步合成乙酸乙酯

研究了乙醇在双功能Ｐｄ－Ｃｕ／分子筛催化剂上一步合成乙酸乙酯的反应，发现Ｐｄ是氧化活性中心的主组分，ＣＵ主要对Ｐｄ的氧化功能起调变作用，以减少乙醇深度氧化副反应，提高酯化选择性．分子筛的酸性强弱对活性，特别是对酯化选择性有明显的影响，酯化要求在较强的酸中心上进行．探讨了氧化活性中心和酸中心的匹配关系以及ＣＵ对Ｐｄ的调变作用，提出了乙醇氧化酯化机理．     

Mechanism of thermal decomposition of cobalt acetate tetrahydrate

The thermal decomposition of cobalt acetate tetrahydrate (Co(CH₃COO)₂ · 4H₂O) has been studied via thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, in situ X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of TG and XRD showed that the parent salt melted and then the dissolved crystalline water was vaporized in two steps. The dehydration process was followed by a major step concerning the decomposition of the acetate group, leading to basic acetate as an intermediate, which then produced CoO and Co in N₂ and H₂ atmosphere, respectively. Three decomposition intermediates Co(CH₃COO)₂ · 0.5H₂O, Co(CH₃COO)₂, and Co(OH)(CH₃COO) were presumed. In situ XRD experiments revealed that the intermediate basic acetate was poorly crystallized or even amorphous. Evolved gases analysis indicated that the volatile products of acetate decomposition were water vapor, acetic acid, ethylenone, acetone, and CO₂. A detailed thermal decomposition mechanism of Co(CH₃COO)₂ · 4H₂O was discussed.     

环戊二烯掺杂乙烷桥联有序介孔材料的制备、表征及应用

 以单硅酯 (2-(环戊基-1,3-二烯基) 乙基) 三乙氧基硅烷 (TEECp) 和含有亚乙基桥键的硅酯 1,2-二 (三乙氧基硅基) 乙烷为硅源, 以三嵌段共聚物 P123 为模板剂, 通过调节 TEECp 预水解时间, 采用共聚法合成了环戊二烯掺杂乙烷桥联材料 (Cp-PMO), 并采用小角 X 射线衍射、N2 物理吸附、透射电镜、红外光谱和热重等技术对样品进行了表征. 结果表明, 环戊二烯基被成功引入到乙烷桥联材料中, 所得 Cp-PMO 样品具有高度有序的二维六方介孔孔道, 热稳定性较高; 随着材料中环戊二烯含量的增加, 其有序性降低, 孔径、比表面积和孔体积均有所减小, 孔壁逐渐增厚. 在乙酸乙酯与正丁醇的酯交换反应中, Cp-PMO 样品表现出较高的催化活性. 当该样品中环戊二烯含量为 30% 时, 乙酸乙酯转化率和乙酸丁酯收率分别可达 19.3% 和 10.6%.     

双膦配体修饰铑催化乙酸乙烯酯氢甲酰化反应(英文)

研究了双膦配体对铑催化的乙酸乙烯酯氢甲酰化反应的促进作用,结果表明,在优化反应条件下,以双膦化合物2,2’-二(二苯膦甲基)-1,1’-联苯(BISBI)为配体时,铑催化乙酸乙烯酯氢甲酰化反应的TOF(转化频率)值达到4000h1,生成2-乙酰氧基丙醛的选择性99%.当在较温和的条件下Rh/BISBI催化乙酸乙烯酯氢甲酰化反应较长时间时TON(转化数)值达到9200,成醛率超过90%,2-乙酰氧基丙醛选择性仍保持99%.     

亚甲胺叶立德与环丙基亚甲基乙酸乙酯参与的催化不对称exo-1,3-偶极环加成反应构建5-氮杂-螺[2,4]庚烷片段

首次研究了Cu（CH₃CN）₄BF₄/DTBM-BIPHEP催化的亚甲胺叶立德与环丙基亚甲基乙酸乙酯参与的不对称1,3-偶极环加成反应,获得了优异的exo-选择性,研究结果证实大空间位阻的手性双膦配体对反应的非对映选择性控制起到至关重要的影响;同时一步高效构建三个叔碳手性中心和一个螺环季碳中心. 该不对称1,3-偶极环加成反应收率良好,得到优秀的非对映（>98：2,dr）与对映选择性（ee值高达99%）. 该催化体系为合成exo构型的5-氮杂-螺[2,4]庚烷衍生物提供了一种简洁高效的方法,具有原子经济性好、反应条件温和、底物适用范围广等优点.     

Derivatization following hollow‐fiber microextraction with tetramethylammonium acetate as a dual‐function reagent for the determination of benzoic acid and sorbic acid by GC

Derivatization at the injection port following hollow‐fiber‐based liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction with tetramethylammonium acetate as a dual‐function reagent, i.e. an acceptor and derivatization reagent, for the determination of benzoic acid (BA) and sorbic acid (SA) in real samples by GC was developed. BA and SA were extracted from aqueous samples to an organic phase impregnated into the pores of the hollow fiber wall, and then back‐extracted to the acceptor solution located inside the lumen of the hollow fiber. Upon injection, the extracted analytes were quantitatively derivatized to their methyl esters with tetramethylammonium acetate in the GC injection port. Several parameters related to the derivatization and extraction efficiency were optimized. The linearity was satisfactory over a concentration range of 0.1–50 mg/L with r > 0.993 for both analytes. The LODs were 2.0 μg/L for SA and 20 μg/L for BA. The recoveries (83–116%) and precisions (RSDs of 1.2–11.4% (n = 3)) were examined by analyzing real spiked samples. The enrichment factors of BA and SA were 300 and 425. The results demonstrated that this is a simple, rapid, accurate, and sensitive method for the determination of BA and SA in various samples.     

Partial Carbamoylation of Cellulose Microspheres:a New Method to Prepare Adsorbents for Liquid Chromatography简

Micron-sized cellulose microspheres were prepared through sol-gel method using NaOH/urea solution to dissolve cellulose, then cross-linked by 1,6-hexanylene diisocyanate （HDI）, toluene 2,4-diisocyanate （TDI） and 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate （PDI）, respectively. The reaction conditions for partial modification of the microspheres were studied. The degree of substitution （DS） in cellulose was controlled by adjusting the reaction conditions. HDI-crosslinked microspheres were partially modified with phenyl isocyanate to obtain chiral stationary phases （CSPs）. The CSPs of a lower degree of crosslinking （DC） showed better chiral recognition ability than those of a higher DC. Meanwhile the CSPs prepared by pre- modification exhibited better chiral recognition ability than those prepared by pre-crosslinking.     

纳米纤维素晶须的表面醋酸酯化改性及复合材料的力学性能

采用硫酸水解法制备纳米纤维素晶须, 再以冰醋酸为分散介质, 浓硫酸为催化剂, 醋酸酐为酯化剂对纳米纤维素晶须进行不同程度醋酸酯化改性, 得到醋酸酯化的纳米纤维素. 采用红外光谱(FTIR)、 X射线光衍射(XRD)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对改性产物进行分析和表征. 结果表明, 改性纳米纤维素晶须中醋酸酯基的平均取代度过小或过大时均不适宜用作复合材料的增强相. 当改性纳米纤维素晶须中醋酸酯基的平均取代度为0.05时, 醋酸酯化反应只发生在纳米纤维素晶须的表面. 此时, 晶须能在丙酮中稳定悬浮, 表现出流动双折射现象, 并保持了改性前纳米纤维素晶须的棒状形态和高结晶度. 将这种改性后的纳米纤维素晶须作为增强相与醋酸纤维素通过溶液浇铸法制成纳米复合膜, 结果显示, 与空白醋酸纤维素膜相比, 添加改性纳米纤维素晶须后, 纳米复合膜的拉伸强度、 杨氏模量和断裂伸长率都得到了提高. 在玻璃化转变区间纳米复合膜储能模量的降低幅度小于空白膜.     

高取代度淀粉醋酸酯的制备

改善淀粉热塑性的方法主要是用塑化剂对其进行处理和用化学方法制备淀粉衍生物,使羟基被长链取代,减弱淀粉分子间的氢键,大分子可在较低温度下运动,从而达到降低熔融温度的目的。近年来,对高取代度淀粉醋酸酯已有报道^[1-5],Sagar等^[2]认为,粉酯的取代度越高,侧链越长,热塑性和亲水性的改变就越明显,而且酯基可起到内增塑作用,可塑性的提高反映在材料的流变学,热学及力学性能的改变上,Maheras等^[3]用高取代度的淀粉醋酸酯和纤维素醋酸酯共混,制成了纤维和塑料制品,由于高取代度淀粉醋酸酯熔点较高,Brochers等^[4]提出通过加入分子量为100－1000的增塑剂,如甘油三醋酯等,可使熔融温度降到150℃左右,Tanaka等^[6]将淀粉和乙烯类化合物在酯化催化剂的作用下反应,得到的淀粉酯性能较为理想,分子量高,具有相当好的机械性能和耐水性,国外专利报道了以甲磺酸（MSA）为催化剂制备淀粉醋酸酯的方法^[7},但对其结构和性能尚未作系统的研究,本文以冰醋酸和醋酸酐为混合酸,MSA为催化剂,制得了具有较高取代度的高直链淀粉醋酸酯,并系统研究了反应温度,反应时间,反应物比例等不同反应条件对取代度的影响,通过红外分析,特性粘度测试,溶解性等分析手段,表征了高直链淀粉醋酸酯的结构与性能。