1,3-Dialkylimidazolium-2-carboxylates as versatile N-heterocyclic carbene-CO2 adducts employed in the synthesis of carboxylates and α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates

1,3-Dialkylimidazolium-2-carboxylate compounds of formulas 1a, 2, and 4 have been synthesized and fully characterized by X-ray spectroscopy quite recently. Up today, these compounds have found some interesting applications as precursors of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) used as ligands for metal-complexes or in the synthesis of organic compounds and ionic liquids. We have recently reported the use of 1-butyl, 3-methylimidazolium-2-carboxylate and 1,3-dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate in a CO₂-transfer reaction to CH₃OH and acetophenone for the synthesis of methylcarbonate and benzoylacetate. The scope of this CO₂-transfer reaction has been expanded to several organic compounds with active hydrogen (acetone, cyclohexanone, and benzylcyanide) for the synthesis of carboxylates of pharmaceutical interest, and to propargyl alcohols for the synthesis of α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates.     

Synthesis of PS/Ag asymmetric hybrid particles via phase separation and self-assembly

This article presents a facile approach to preparation of polystyrene/silver （PS/Ag） asymmetric hybrid par- ticles. In this method, polystyrene/polyglycidyl methacrylate （PS/PGMA） Janus particles were synthesized via internal phase separation triggered by evaporation of dichloromethane （DCM） from PS/PGMA/DCM- in water emulsion droplets. Then, the Janus particles were aminated and sequentially carboxylated to obtain PS/PGMA-NH2 and PS/PGMA-COOH particles. Ag＋ self-assembled on the surface of PGMA hemi- sphere of the functionalized PS/PGMA particles by coordinating with amine/carboxyl. PS/Ag asymmetric hybrid particles with 7.29 wt% of Ag were obtained by reduction of Ag＋, Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy results confirmed that Ag was asymmetrically distributed on the surface of polymer particles.     

Adsorption of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene on carboxylated porous polystyrene microspheres

Large-pore-size (150 nm) polystyrene (PSt) microspheres were carboxylated with phthalic anhydride (PA) through Friedel-Crafts acetylation to study the adsorption of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) on this material from aqueous solution. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and mercury porosimetry measurements (MPM) of the microspheres showed that the pore structure was unchanged during the reaction. High adsorption capacity (11.2 mg g⁻¹ of suction-dried adsorbent) and adsorption rate (33.9 mg g⁻¹ h⁻¹) for TNT were observed during the study. As shown by the adsorption isotherm, the adsorption of TNT on PA-PSt can be described by the Freundlich adsorption equation, indicating heterogeneous adsorption process. On-column adsorption of TNT on PA-PSt and elution indicated that TNT can be completely removed from aqueous solution and condensed into acetone.     

过渡金属催化不饱和烃与二氧化碳的羧化反应研究与进展

CO₂是一种无毒、廉价易得、储量丰富的可再生资源,通过化学方法将其转化为具有高附加值的化学品已成为实现可持续发展的战略性课题。其中,以CO₂作为羧化试剂合成羧酸及其衍生物的研究已成为CO₂催化活化领域的研究热点。本文按照不同过渡金属催化的不饱和烃与CO₂的羧化反应,分类归纳了近些年来的羧化反应研究进展。     

The One-Pot Synthesis and Diels-Alder Reactivity of 2,5-Dihydrothiophene- 1,1-dioxide-3-carboxylic Acid

Abstract

A one-pot preparation of 2,5-dihydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide-3-carboxylic acid (3-sulfolene-3-carboxylic acid) is reported. The carboxylation of 3-sulfolene, exclusively at the 3-position, using CO₂ and DBU proceeds to >90% conversion. A rapid workup gives 3-sulfolene-3-carboxylic acid, a stable precursor to 1,3-butadiene-2-carboxylic acid. High conversions to Diels-Alder adducts were obtained upon treatment of 3-sulfolene-3-carboxylic acid with various dienophiles.     

Function composition of modified reduced graphite oxide

Reduced graphite oxide (RGO) is prospective for application as an active material for supercapacitor electrodes due to the simple synthesis, the high specific surface area and the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups. Functionalization of such materials affects hydrophilicity, surface morphology and contributes to the redox processes when potential is applied. In this article RGO was treatment by mixture of potassium hydroxide and chloroacetic acid; hydrobromic acid and oxalic acid; in various ratio of strong nitric, sulfuric and phosphoric acids. Such functionalization of RGO leads to decrease in particle size, increase the quantity of oxygen-containing groups on the surface of the materials and affects the change of carbon hybridization from sp² to sp³. Furthermore, all the samples were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) to study the redox processes occurring on the electrode material surface. The peaks on the CV curves were compared with the corresponding redox reversible reactions. Furthermore, the specific capacity of all samples was calculated. Thus, at low carboxylation level of RGO specific capacity is increased due to significant contribution of redox processes while high functionalization leads to decrease in conductivity and, as well in specific capacity.     

可见光促进二氧化碳参与的羧基化反应

二氧化碳是众所周知的温室气体, 也是重要的C1资源, 利用二氧化碳合成高附加值化合物具有重要意义. 其中, 羧酸类化合物广泛存在于天然产物、 药物、 日化品及工业原料中, 是一类非常重要的化合物. 因此, 利用二氧化碳合成羧酸类化合物是一个重要的研究方向; 另一方面, 由于二氧化碳反应活性低, 其转化通常需要高温等苛刻条件. 为解决该问题, 人们利用可见光作为能量来源, 可以在温和条件下实现二氧化碳的高效转化. 鉴于该方向近年来的蓬勃发展, 本文主要对可见光促进二氧化碳参与的羧基化反应进行介绍和总结, 按烯烃、 炔烃、 醛酮、 亚胺和(类)卤代物等重要的化工原料分类阐述, 并将各个反应的特点和机理将作为阐述的重点. 本文也对该领域的未来发展方向进行了展望, 希望为该领域的进一步发展提供参考.     

1-Bromo-2-trifluoroacetylcyclobutenes as novel building blocks for the construction of trifluoromethyl substituted heterocycles. Part 1: Synthesis of 5-(trifluoromethyl)-2(5H)-furanones condensed with substituted cyclobutenes

The regioselective reduction of substituted 1-bromo-2-trifluoroacetylcyclobutenes by lithium aluminium hydride affords corresponding brominated alcohols, which, under the treatment of two equivalents of butyllithium, give new lithiated cyclobutenes. Their carboxylation followed by lactonization induced by trifluoroacetic anhydride appeared to be an effective approach towards 5-trifluoromethylated furanones condensed with substituted cyclobutene rings.     

The mechanism for palladium catalyzed carbonylation of cinnamyl chloride

In the palladium catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation of cinnamyl chloride two mechanisms play a role. An associative mechanism was observed at low pressure, while an insertion mechanism was observed at high pressure or when an excess of ligand was used. Several putative intermediates of the catalytic alkoxycarbonylation have been synthesized and characterized, such as 5c of which an X-ray crystal structure was obtained.     

CO2 anion-radical in organic carboxylations

This letter shows a first approximation to the use of CO₂ anion-radical in the obtention of α-methyl and α-ethylcyanoacetic acids from propionitrile and butyronitrile, respectively, through a paired electrochemical reaction with CO₂. The electrosynthesis of α-chloro-phenylacetic acid from benzyl chloride and phenylacetic acid from toluene by another proposed pathway is also discussed.