Sonochemical synthesis of nanoplates of two Cd(II) based metal–organic frameworks and their applications as precursors for preparation of nano-materials

Nano plates of two Cd(II)-based metal–organic frameworks, [Cd₂(oba)₂(4-bpdb)₂]_n·(DMF)_x(TMU-8) and [Cd(oba)(4,4′-bipy)]_n·(DMF)_y (TMU-9) were synthesized via sonochemical reaction by using various time and concentrations of initial reagents and power of irradiation and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and IR spectroscopy. Moreover, the effect of triethylamine on speed of nucleation during the synthesis was investigated. Thermolysis of these MOFs at 550 °C under air atmosphere yields CdO nanoparticles.     

Effects of calcination on microscopic and mesoscopic structures in Ca- and Sr-doped nano-crystalline lanthanum chromites

Calcination behavior of nano-crystalline lanthanum chromites doped with calcium and strontium has been probed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and small-angle neutron scattering as a function of temperature. Infrared spectroscopic results imply that over a range of temperatures, some intermediate phase of dopant chromates evolve and then dissolve back, which has also been confirmed by the XRD. Neutron scattering data reveal a fractal type correlation of building blocks in virgin powders. Increase in fractal dimension and reduction in upper cutoff vis-à-vis the densification of agglomerates were found with increasing calcination temperature. Calcination, beyond 900 °C, results in breaking down of the fractal morphology almost completely. Such shrinkage event also results in a modification of the microscopic structure. These changes have been attributed to the compaction of agglomerates of both Ca- and Sr-doped lanthanum chromites, assisted via liquid state sintering by the melting of the intermediate phases at intermediate calcination stages.     

Selective decoration of nickel and nickel oxide nanocrystals on multiwalled carbon nanotubes

A simple route to selective decoration of nickel and nickel oxide nanocrystals on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using nickel acetylacetonate (NAA) was successfully achieved for the first time. The homogeneously decorated nanocrystals on MWCNTs were investigated for their structure and morphology by various techniques, such as powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the size distributions of the nanocrystals on MWCNTs ranged from 8 to 15 nm and they were well resolved. The precursor, NAA, was effectively employed to impregnate the MWCNTs, which on calcination at suitable temperatures and in the presence of hydrogen and nitrogen atmosphere gave rise to nickel and nickel oxide nanocrystals, respectively.     

Ni/SiO2-ZrO2催化剂焙烧温度对其催化愈创木酚加氢脱氧性能的影响简

采用化学沉淀法合成了SiO₂-ZrO₂复合氧化物载体,并以浸渍法制备了Ni/SiO₂-ZrO₂双功能催化剂,考察了焙烧温度对催化剂结构及其催化愈创木酚加氢脱氧制环己烷性能的影响. 结果表明,经500℃焙烧催化剂的加氢脱氧活性最高,在Ni金属中心和SiO₂-ZrO₂载体材料的协同作用下,愈创木酚转化率为100%,环己烷选择性为96.8%. 对催化剂进行N₂物理吸附、H₂化学吸附、X射线衍射分析、H₂程序升温还原、NH₃程序升温脱附与Raman光谱等表征后发现,合成的SiO₂-ZrO₂为无定形的酸碱两性氧化物;经500℃焙烧的催化剂样品的有效比表面积和孔体积均明显增大,表面酸量最多,硝酸镍分解成小颗粒的NiO较易被H₂还原,这些特性是该催化剂样品具有高效加氢脱氧活性的原因.     

Synthesis and thermal evolution of TiO2-RuO2 xerogels

Gels of the Ti Ru O system, where , 0.001, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 (mol), have been synthesized by a polymeric sol-gel route from Ti (IV)-iso-propoxide and Ru (III) acetyl-acetonate (acac). The mechanisms of the hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions were studied by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The evolution of the xerogels as a function of temperature was also determined. At temperatures, as low as 200°C, mixtures of antase Ti Ru O (Ass) solid solution and rutile Ti Ru O solid solution (Rss) were attained for compositions with 0.3. For , only the anatase phase is present (A) and for , mixtures of anatase Ti Ru O (Ass) solid solution, rutile Ti Ru O solid solution (Rss) and Ru Ti O (RuO ss) solid solution were attained. RuO catalyzes the anatase to rutile transformation, even at RuO contents as low as 0.001 mol. Although, from 300 to 400°C the solid solubility of RuO into rutile-TiO phase is located at , from 500°C that value is located in the 0.05 range. This fact could be due to the metastability of the rutile solid solutions containing ruthenium oxide above 400°C. According to semiquantitative transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDX) analyses, at 700°C, there are compositional variations in both solid solutions, Rss and RuO ss. Thus, the system is chemically heterogeneous. The amount of Ti ions hosted into the RuO lattice in the solid solution is lower than that of Ru ions into the rutile-TiO lattice. At this temperature, the contents of these solid solutions are mol% RuO into the TiO lattice (the maximum value found) and around 8.0 mol% TiO (the maximum value found) into RuO . The RuO volatilization can promote the segregation of the ruthenium oxide giving rise to the heterogeneity and the metastability observed in this system.     

Control of Tisurface defect on TiO2 nanocrystal using various calcination atmospheres as the first step for surface defect creation and its application in photocatalysis

A new development to create the surface defect (Ti³⁺) on TiO₂ was reported in this paper and compared to the common methods which must prepare the crystalline TiO₂ in the first step prior, and then create the surface defect in the second step. In this work, the surface defect creation was performed in the first step coinciding with the crystalline TiO₂ preparation using the sol-gel method. The creation was performed by varying the amounts of oxygen fed during calcination. Based on the CO₂-temperature programmed desorption (CO₂-TPD) and electron spin resonance (ESR) results, the surface defect (Ti³⁺) substantially increased with the amount of oxygen fed. Moreover, the samples resulting from calcination were used as photocatalysts for ethylene decomposition. The reactivity of those samples was also discussed.     

低温熔盐法制备球状多孔 La1-xSrxMn0.8Fe0.2O3（0≤x≤0.6）及其催化 CO氧化性能

汽车尾气中 CO, HC, NOx,硫化物及其颗粒粉尘严重危害人们身体健康和大气环境,是大气环境的主要污染源之一.目前,尾气净化是其减排的最主要方式.汽车尾气催化剂的发展经历了几代的研究,一直以来广泛采用 Pt, Pd和 Rh等贵金属,但因其资源匮乏,价格昂贵,容易被 S和 P中毒,因此人们逐渐将目光投向非贵金属催化剂的研发.钙钛矿复合氧化物因具有独特的物理化学性质以及灵活的“化学剪裁”特性而在材料研究等领域颇受青睐,有望成为贵金属催化剂的替代品.一般而言,催化剂的比表面积越大,表面活性位点越多,其催化活性越高,且会明显降低起燃温度.目前,一些制备工艺,如水热法、共沉淀法、微乳液法和硬模板法,虽可在一定程度上提高催化剂的比表面积,但却存在费时、耗能及制备工艺复杂等缺点.因此,如何简单有效地制备出大比表面积的钙钛矿型催化剂依然是一个难题.本文以合成的分级多孔δ-MnO2微球为模板,采用熔盐法制备出球状多孔 La1-xSrxMn0.8Fe0.2O3(0≤x≤0.6)钙钛矿氧化物,研究了球状多孔钙钛矿氧化物的形成过程和合适的制备温度,以及 B位 Fe3+掺杂量为20%时 A位 Sr2+掺杂量对钙钛矿催化剂结构和催化活性的影响.采用 X射线粉末衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、N2吸附-脱附、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和 X射线能谱(XPS)等方法对催化剂进行了表征.在固定床石英管反应器上评价了催化剂催化 CO氧化活性及稳定性,采用气相色谱联接氢火焰离子化检测器检测了产物和反应物的组成.结果表明,以分级多孔δ-MnO2微球为模板,采用熔盐法在450oC反应4 h制备出的球状多孔 La1-xSrxMn0.8Fe0.2O3(0≤x≤0.6)钙钛矿氧化物具有良好的结晶性、较大的比表面积(55.73 m2/g)和孔体积(0.37 cm3/g).其球状多孔结构的形成可分为两个阶段：原位形成钙钛矿相和纳片表面析出钙钛矿晶粒及钙钛矿晶粒的再生长.另外, FT-IR光谱表明, Fe3+和 Sr2+成功进入 A, B位.同时, CO转化曲线表明, B位 Fe3+的掺杂量为20%时, A位 Sr2+的掺杂量高于30%时可以明显改善催化剂催化 CO氧化活性： La1-xSrxMn0.8Fe0.2O3(0≤x≤0.3)的T50和T90分别在180和198oC左右;而 La0.55Sr0.45Mn0.8Fe0.2O3和 La0.4Sr0.6Mn0.8Fe0.2O3的T50均低于125oC; La0.55Sr0.45Mn0.8Fe0.2O3的T90为181oC,而 La0.4Sr0.6Mn0.8Fe0.2O3却仍低于125oC. XPS结果则证明,较高的催化活性得益于 La0.4Sr0.6Mn0.8Fe0.2O3表面存在较多的 Mn4+、氧空位及吸附氧.最后, La0.55Sr0.45Mn0.8Fe0.2O3和 La0.4Sr0.6Mn0.8Fe0.2O3的稳定性测试结果表明,采用熔盐法以δ-MnO2为模板在450oC焙烧4 h制备的多孔球状钙钛矿具有较好的催化稳定性.虽然催化剂制备工艺简单,周期短,但比表面积最大只有55.73 m2/g,为硬模板法的1/2,因此提高比表面积将是今后研究的方向.     

氧化锰催化剂在环己烷无溶剂选择性氧化反应中的活性:焙烧温度的影响

环己醇和环己酮俗称KA油,是用于制备尼龙材料的己二酸和己内酰胺的重要中间体.工业上制取环己醇和环己酮的方法主要为苯酚加氢法、环己烯水合法和环己烷氧化法,其中环己烷氧化法的应用最为普遍,包括硼酸氧化法、过氧化物氧化法和钴盐催化氧化法三种路线.为获得适宜的环己醇和环己酮选择性,工业上环己烷氧化单程转化率通常控制在5.0％以下,从而使得产物选择性在80％以上.因此,现有环己烷氧化法生产KA油的最大挑战是如何同时获得高环己烷转化率和高KA油选择性.迄今,已有多种催化剂被尝试用于环己烷氧化反应,包括金属卟啉、金属氧化物、分子筛、碳纳米管和金属-有机骨架材料等.由于均相催化剂无法从环己烷氧化反应体系中分离出来,导致催化剂不能重复利用,因此多相催化剂的研究更受青睐.另外,由于采用氧气为氧化剂时具有环境友好和更高的原子经济性,因此氧气选择性氧化环己烷反应已逐渐成为环己烷氧化法制KA油中最具挑战性的研究.目前,氧气为氧化剂时的环己烷转化率通常低于过氧化氢和叔丁基过氧化氢等为氧化剂时的转化率,其关键在于适用于固(催化剂)液(环己烷)气(氧化剂)反应体系的高性能催化剂.本课题组前期研究了系列金属掺杂分子筛(Ce/AlPO-5,Ce-MCM-41/48和Mg-Cu/SBA-15等)对氧气催化氧化环己烷的反应性能,发现无论是稀土还是过渡金属掺杂,通过影响环己烷氧化反应的自由基产生和反应历程,可显著提高环己烷转化率或者KA油的选择性.基于此,本文选择原料易得、成本较低和氧化能力强的氧化锰(MnOx)作为具有强氧化能力的过渡金属氧化物的代表,深入研究了MnOx的焙烧温度对其结构和选择性氧化环己烷反应性能的影响,同时研究了反应条件对催化剂性能的影响.结果表明,400℃焙烧制得的催化剂(MnOx-400)比350,450和500℃焙烧制得的催化剂具有更高的活性.在最佳反应条件(140℃,O2起始压力0.5 MPa,反应4 h)下,使用20 mg MnOx-400可使环己烷转化率达8.0％,KA油得率为5.0％.过高的反应温度、过长的反应时间和过高的反应压力都会导致产物被过度氧化,KA油选择性降低.另外,该催化剂重复使用10次,其活性没有明显下降,显示出了很好的稳定性.表征测试结果表明,MnOx催化剂在不同温度焙烧后形成了不同的结晶形态:焙烧温度小于500℃时,催化剂主要组成为Mn3O4和Mn5O8,500℃时主要为Mn3O4,Mn5O8和Mn2O3.而且随着焙烧温度升高,MnOx催化剂的比表面积逐渐降低.相比于350℃焙烧制得的催化剂,MnOx-400催化剂具有更好的结晶形态,这可能是造成其活性较好的原因.而相比于MnOx-400,500℃焙烧制得的催化剂表面Mn4+含量和表面吸附氧含量较低,使其吸附和活化氧能力降低,从而导致催化剂活性低于MnOx-400;但是吸附和活化氧能力的降低有利于减缓反应产物的深度氧化,因而KA油的选择性增加.     

Copper/Zinc Oxide Catalysts. Part XII. Solid Solution Formation in the CuO/ZnO System. X-Ray Powder Diffraction Study

Summary. Coordination compounds Zn(mal)(H₂O)₂ (ZMH) (mal=maleate anion (C₂H₂(CO₂)₂^2-)), Cu_0.06Zn_0.94(mal)(H₂O)₂ (ZCMH), Cu(mal)(H₂O) (CMH), and physical mixtures of CMH and ZMH were used as precursors for calcination experiments in air at 500 and 1000°C lasting 18 hours. The obtained oxides were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction technique. Calcination at 500°C yielded pure zincite phase (ZnO), tenorite phase (CuO), or their mixtures. The calcination of the Zn-rich sample ZCMH at 1000°C lead to zincite phase displaying a slightly lower cell volume than the pure zincite phase obtained from Zn-only containing precursor (ZMH). These results suggest that the assumed solid solution Cu_xZn_1–xO (x=0.01–0.02) exhibits a solubility limit lower than the copper content in the ZCMH precursor (6mol-%). On the other hand, the calcination of the Cu-rich samples at 1000°C, in the presence of Zn(II), yielded tenorite phase exhibiting cell parameters significantly different from those reported for the pure tenorite phase, due to the formation of Zn_0.03Cu_0.97O solid solutions. All these results are corroborated by intensity analysis of the diffraction peaks.     

Advanced Ba0.5Sr0.5Zn0.2Fe0.8O3−δ perovskite-type ceramics as oxygen selective membranes: Evaluation of the synthetic process

A synthetic route for advanced perovskites is elucidated that consists of a combined EDTA/citrate complexing of metal cations and the subsequent drying and firing at moderate temperatures. A fine-scale intermixing of cations is maintained during all the processing steps. The perovskite-type oxide is formed already in an intermediate step at 700 °C by the reaction of an ultra-finely dispersed powder consisting of a mixed barium–strontium carbonate, a zinc–iron spinel, and zinc oxide. The process yields powders of good sinterability and finally dense ceramics composed of stoichiometric perovskite grains of the type (Ba,Sr)(Zn,Fe)O_3−δ.