CARS Diagnostic and Modeling of a Dielectric Barrier Discharge

Dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) with planar- and knife-shaped electrodes are operated in N₂O₂NO mixtures under a pressure of 20 and 98 kPa. They are excited by means of consecutive unipolar or bipolar high-voltage pulse packages of 10 kV at a pulse repetition rate of 1 and 2 kHz. The rotational and vibrational excitation of N ₂ molecules and the reduction of nitric oxide (NO) in the discharge have been investigated using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) technique. Rotational (gas) temperatures near the room temperature and vibrational temperatures of about 800 K at atmospheric pressure and 1400 K at a pressure of 20 kPa are observed. Therefore, chemical reactions of NO with vibrationally excited N ₂ are probably insignificant. One-dimensional kinetic models are developed that balance 35 chemical reactions between 10 species and deliver equations for the population density of excited vibrational levels of N ₂ together with a solution of the Boltzmann equation for the electrons. A good agreement between measured vibrational temperatures of N ₂ , the concentration of NO, and calculated data is achieved. Modeling of the plasma discharge verifies that a DBD operated with a N₂NO mixture reduces the NO content, the simultaneous presence of O ₂ , already 1%, is enough to prevent the NO reduction.     

Rapid polymer blend imaging with quantitative broadband multiplex CARS microscopy

Broadband multiplex coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (MCARS) microscopy allows the rapid chemical mapping and molecular imaging of untreated material samples with three‐dimensional sectioning capabilities. It can be realized with a single laser in a simple and robust setup using supercontinuum generation in a microstructured fiber. The successful implementation of a MCARS microscope is discussed in detail, its parameters are characterized, and applications are shown for the identification and mapping of polymer blends. An evolutionary fitting routine is presented, which allows a fully quantitative analysis of the MCARS information resulting in high‐contrast chemical maps. The established setup enables reliable day‐to‐day operation as a valuable tool for rapid material characterization. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用CARS技术确定拉曼退偏比的一种数据处理新方法

Yuika等人利用偏振CARS技术可以准确地确定分子的拉曼退偏比.其方法是，首先对不同检偏角_d所对应CARS谱峰的频率分布进行数学模拟，然后由所得系数随检偏角φ_d的变化求得使CARS信号中共振项消失的偏振角φ^０_d，最后由消失条件ρ＝-1/(tanθtanφ⁰_d)求出退偏比ρ，θ为产生CARS光的Pump光与Stokes光偏振方向的夹角.本文提出的数据处理方法，即交点法.同Yuika等人处理数据的方法相比，交点法毋需关于谱峰频率分布的知识，做法也更为简便.     

Coherent population transfer in NO with pulsed lasers: the consequences of hyperfine structure, doppler broadening aaand electromagnetically induced absorption

Coherent population transfer between vibrational levels of the NO molecule induced by the interaction of two delayed laser pulses, also referred to as stimulated Raman scattering involving adiabatic passage (STIRAP), is studied experimentally in a molecular beam and in the bulk. The consequences of hyperfine splitting and Doppler broadening are discussed in detail. Unlike in previous studies of this kind, transfer occurs simultaneously between more than one group of non degenerate levels. In a molecular beam or in the bulk, the transfer efficiency of STIRAP exceeds that obtained by Stimulated Emission Pumping (SEP) by a factor of 3.6 or 15, respectively. We estimate the absolute transfer efficiency T in the beam to be , while is found in the bulk. In both cases, this is of the maximum value expected from numerical studies. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. Finally we show that the absorption of a pump pulse in a weakly absorbing medium is significantly enhanced by the presence of a copropagating Stokes pulse when the Rabi frequency of the latter is smaller than the width of the Doppler profile . The relation of this observation to the phenomenon of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT), which is observed for , is also discussed. Received: 11 September 1997 / Revised: 28 October 1997 / Accepted: 29 October 1997     

CARS diagnostics of acetylene formation in a plasma test reactor for hydrocarbon synthesis

Measurements of acetylene concentrations in an arc plasma test reactor using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) are described. The method is based on the measurement of relative spectral shapes in the presence of a substantial nonresonant background. Calculations of CARS spectra, necessary for the concentration analysis, are described. The quality of calculated spectra is examined with the aid of reference spectra taken in a graphite oven operated under variable, known temperatures and concentrations. The measurements with the plasma test reactor yield spatially resolved concentration distributions of a few percent. Comparison with 1R absorption measurements shows satisfactory agreement.     

Study of a non-equilibrium pulsed nanosecond discharge at atmospheric pressure using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering

Time-resolved CARS measurements of rotational and vibrational temperatures of nitrogen in nanosecond pulsed discharge at atmospheric pressure are reported. Experiment is first performed with a discharge in pure air where spatial and temporal evolution of temperature distribution is recorded by delaying the probe lasers relative to the discharge pulse in the range 10 ns to 1 ms. The experiments demonstrate that a strong vibrational non-equilibrium can be sustained in N₂ at 1 bar. The effect of different colliding partners on the vibrational relaxation of N₂ is studied for discharges in CH₄/air mixtures with different equivalence ratio. The observed temperature distributions suggest that thermal equilibrium is not fully achieved in this mixture. Effect of the discharge on the ignition of a premixed CH₄/air flame is also investigated for various equivalence ratio.     

基于变量优选和快速独立成分分析的黄花梨可溶性固形物可见/近红外光谱检测

为建立预测能力高、稳定性强的可见/近红外漫透射光谱无损检测黄花梨可溶性固形物(SSC)数学模型,对比各种预处理方法、变量优选方法、快速独立主成分分析(FICA)以及最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)对黄花梨SSC模型的影响,得出最佳的组合方法用于建立黄花梨可溶性固形物(SSC)预测模型。采用Quality Spec型光谱仪采集550~950 nm波段范围内的黄花梨漫透射光谱并采用遗传算法、连续投影算法和CARS(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling)三种方法筛选黄花梨可溶性固形物的光谱特征变量,再结合FICA提取光谱主成分,最后采用LS-SVM建立黄花梨的SSC预测模型。结果显示,采用CARS筛选的21个变量,经FICA挑选出12个主成分数,联合LS-SVM所建立的CARS-FICA-LS-SVM黄花梨SSC预测模型性能最佳,建模集和预测集的决定系数及均方根误差分别为0.974,0.116%和0.918,0.158%,同直接采用PLS方法建模相比,变量数从401个下降到21,主成分数由14下降到12,建模集和预测集决定系数分别上升了0.023,0.019,而建模和预测均方根误差分别下降了0.042%和0.010%。CARS-FICA-LS-SVM建立黄花梨SSC预测模型能够有效地简化预测模型并提高预测模型精度。     

燃烧流场线CARS测温技术研究

常规CARS采用凸透镜聚焦多束激光于空间一点,在满足相位匹配条件下产生携带该点温度信息的CARS信号。常规CARS一次只能测量一个空间点的温度,难以满足燃烧流场深入研究需要。为了提高CARS测量能力,使得CARS在一次测量中获得更多信息,提出了线CARS测量方法。线CARS测量方法在常规CARS基础上采用柱面凸透镜替换普通凸透镜,使得聚焦位置由焦点变为焦线。由于焦线上的点大部分满足相位匹配关系,因此可以同时获得多点CARS信号。后续光路同样采用柱面凸透镜替换普通凸透镜,通过光谱仪和ICCD相机将CARS信号传输至计算机,解析出聚焦线上CARS信号对应的温度信息,实现CARS测量能力由“点”到“线”的提升。基于平面火焰炉的燃烧实验结果表明：线CARS可以一次有效测量200个空间点的温度信息,空间测量长度约3.6 mm,空间分辨率约18 μm,测量结果相对不确定度优于7%,在保持测量精度的同时有效丰富了单次测量信息。     

高光谱成像技术鉴别鱼新鲜度

采用高光谱成像技术对鱼新鲜度进行检测研究。首先,提取鱼样本感兴趣区域(region of interest, ROI)光谱,分别采用竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS),连续投影算法(SPA)和遗传算法(GA)提取特征波长,三种算法分别得到57,31和66个特征变量,采用最小二乘支持向量机和SIMCA作为分类模型,将57,31和66个特征变量作为LS-SVM和SIMCA模型的输入变量建立分类模型,基于SPA-LS-SVM和CARS-LS-SVM模型预测集识别率分别达到了98%和96%,而采用SIMCA建立的模型取得了较差的预测结果,GA-SIMCA, SPA-SIMCA和CARS-SIMCA模型预测集识别率都只是达到了52%。结果表明,LS-SVM作为分类模型优于SIMCA模型,SPA和CARS选择的特征波长,不但可以简化模型,还可以提高模型的预测精度,采用高光谱成像技术可以有效检测鱼的新鲜度,并能准确检测出鱼不同冻融次数和冷冻时间。     

NaK(61Σ+)与H2碰撞传能中的H2的振转态分布

光学-光学双共振激发NaK至61Σ+高位电子态,研究了NaK(61Σ+)与H₂的电子-振转能量转移。利用相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射(CARS)光谱技术检测H₂的振转态分布。扫描CARS谱表明H₂在(1,1),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3)和(3,5)振转能级上有布居。对于(3,1), (3,2), (3,3)和(3,5)能级,扫描CARS谱峰值直接给出布居数之比。对于(1,1), (2,1), (2,2)和(2,3)能级,扫描CARS谱峰值给出二个可能的布居数之比,利用一个速率方程组,由时间分辨CARS轮廓可以得到真实的比值。用n₁～n₈分别表示H₂的(3,1), (2,1), (1,1), (3,3), (2,3), (2,2), (3,2)和(3,5)能级上布居密度,得到n₂/n₁～n₈/n₁分别为0.51,0.97,0.45,0.18,0.10,0.26和0.31。利用Stern-Volmer公式,得到61Σ+态的总退布速率系数为(2.1±0.4)×10-10 cm3s-1, 由H₂各振转能级布居数之比,得到61Σ+-(1,1), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3)和(3,5)转移速率系数(10-11 cm3·s-1单位)分别为5.4±1.6,2.8±0.8,0.6±0.2,1.0±0.3,5.6±1.7,1.4±0.4,2.5±0.8和1.7±0.5。