Author Keywords: Track formation; Heavy ion; Bubble detector; Track detector; Threshold detector; Identification of heavy ions 相似文献
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71.
《Ultrasonics sonochemistry》2014,21(6):2037-2043
The decreasing effect of sonoluminescence (SL) in water at high acoustic powers was investigated in relation to bubble dynamics and acoustic emission spectra. The intensity of SL was measured in the power range of 1–18 W at 83.8 kHz for open-end (free liquid surface and film-covered surface) and fixed-end boundaries of sound fields. The power dependence of the SL intensity showed a maximum and then decrease to zero for all the boundaries. Similar results were obtained for sonochemiluminescence in luminol solution. The power dependence of the SL intensity was strongly correlated with the bubble dynamics captured by high-speed photography at 64 k fps. In the low-power range where the SL intensity increases, bubble streamers were observed and the population of streaming bubbles increased with the power. At powers after SL maximum occurred, bubble clusters came into existence. Upon complete SL reduction, only bubble clusters were observed. The subharmonic in the acoustic emission spectra increased markedly in the region where bubble clusters were observed. Nonspherical oscillations of clustering bubbles may make a major contribution to the subharmonic. 相似文献
72.
A laser image system for investigating the influence of orifice spacing on twin bubbles formation in shear-thinning fluid was established. The bubbles formation process at two orifices could be directly visualized and real-time recorded through computer by means of He–Ne laser as light source using the beam expanding and light amplification technology. The shape and size of bubbles generating in carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) aqueous solutions were studied experimentally at the orifices spacing 1Do, 2Do and 3Do (Do orifice diameter). The results reveal that the minute bubbles can be imaged clearly and amplified without distortion in the higher concentration solutions, and therefore the shape and size of bubbles are obtained accurately. With the increase of orifice spacing, bubble instantaneous volume in shear-thinning fluid decreases at the radial expansion stage but then increases at vertical elongation period, and the deformation and deviation of bubbles forming goes down due to the reduced interaction of adjacent bubble. 相似文献
73.
The equilibrium radius of a single spherical bubble containing both non-condensable gas and vapor is determined by the mechanical balance at the bubble interface. This expression highlights the fact that decreasing the ambient pressure below the so called Blake’s critical threshold, the bubble has no equilibrium state at all. In the last decade many authors have tried to find evidence for the existence of stable bubble oscillation under harmonic forcing in this regime, that is, they have tried to stabilize the bubble motion applying ultrasonic radiation on the bubble. The available numerical results provide only partial proof for the existence as they are usually based on linearized or weakly nonlinear (higher order approximation) bubble models. Here, based on numerical techniques of the modern nonlinear and bifurcation theory, the existence of stable bubble motion has been proven without any restrictions in nonlinearities. Although the model, applied in this paper, is the rather simple Rayleigh–Plesset equation, the presented technique can be extended to more complex bubble models easily. 相似文献
74.
The oscillation characteristics of a single bubble and its induced radiation pressure and the dissipated power are essential for a wide range of applications. For bubble oscillations with high Mach number, the influence of the liquid compressibility is significantly strong and should be fully considered. In the present paper, the bubble wall motion equation with the second-order Mach number is employed for investigating a free oscillating bubble in the liquid with numerical and experimental verifications. For the purpose of comparisons, the revised Keller-Miksis equation up to the first-order Mach number is solved with the same conditions (e.g. the initial conditions and the ambient pressure). Through our simulations, comparing with the predictions by the first-order equation, we find that: (1) The bubble radius, the bubble wall radial velocity and the bubble wall radial acceleration predicted by the second-order equation with high Mach number are significantly different respectively, and the dimensionless differences increase with the increase of the Mach number. (2) The valid prediction range of the second-order equation is much larger. (3) The dissipated power predicted by the second-order equation with high Mach number is smaller. 相似文献
75.
The core structure of the dislocation in a bubble raft has been evaluated by using the improved P–N equation. The dislocation profile has been obtained explicitly for the bubble radius R=0.296, 0.592, 0.650, 0.888 mm. The results show that the core width of dislocation will increase rapidly when the bubble radius decreases, especially, this trend will become more significant as the radius is more smaller. Our calculated results agree well with the experimental data, and our method can be used to predict the core structure of the dislocation in a bubble raft where bubble-radius is given arbitrarily. 相似文献
76.
77.
《Physics and Chemistry of Liquids》2012,50(1-2):89-93
Abstract A light scattering experiment was conducted in water and nitrobenzene to test the behavior of these two materials as they were made to undergo phase transition. A helium-neon laser was used as the radiation source. The coefficient of the optical absorption and contribution of scattered and absorbed light are computed from the measured transmitted light intensity at different temperatures. These measurements show that the creation and collapse of bubbles due to the laser heating cause more discontinuities in water than in nitrobenzene. Thus, there is indication of a higher order transition in water than in nitrobenzene. From this study it is concluded that low power density laser irradiation can be used to gain an understanding of bubble dynamics in a liquid. 相似文献
78.
Atsuhide Kitagawa Kenji Uchida Yoshimichi Hagiwara 《International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow》2009,30(4):778-788
Injection of sub-millimeter bubbles is considered a promising technique for enhancing natural convection heat transfer for liquids. So far, we have experimentally investigated heat transfer characteristics of laminar natural convection flows with sub-millimeter bubbles. However, the effects of the bubble size on the heat transfer have not yet been understood. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of the bubble size on the heat transfer enhancement for the laminar natural convection of water along a vertical heated plate with uniform heat flux. Temperature and velocity measurements, in which thermocouples and a particle tracking velocimetry technique are, respectively used, are conducted to investigate heat transfer and flow characteristics for different bubble sizes. Moreover, two-dimensional numerical simulations are performed to comprehensively understand the effects of bubble injection on the flow near the heated plate. The result shows that the ratio of the heat transfer coefficient with sub-millimeter-bubble injection to that without injection ranges from 1.3 to 2.2. The result also shows that for a constant bubble flow rate, the heat transfer coefficient ratio increases with a decrease in the mean bubble diameter. It is expected from our estimation based on both experimental data and simulation results that this increase results from an increase in the advection effect due to bubbles. 相似文献
79.
Bubble generation and transport in a micro-device composed of a micro-T-junction and a following serpentine micro-channel was experimentally investigated. It has a rectangular cross-sectional with an aspect ratio of 7.425. Air and water were used as gas and liquid, respectively. Mixtures of water–glycerol and water–Tween-20 were used to study the effects of liquid viscosity and surface tension. Compared with previous T-junction bubble generation, the liquid and gas inlets orientation was switched in this work. The continuous flow was driven from the perpendicular channel and the dispersion flow was from the main channel. It shows that the break-up process has three periodic steps under certain operating conditions. The dimensionless bubble length L/w in the micro-channel with high aspect ratio is much larger than that in square microchannels. A correlation is proposed to correlate L/w with liquid flow rate JL, gas flow rate JG, and liquid viscosity μL. Surface tension σ can change the bubble shape but almost does not affect the bubble length in this fast break-up process. Additionally, a long bubble may be broken up at the corners at the same time because the locations of gas and liquid are exchanged relative to the concave and convex portions of an elbow after a turn which may result in the change of fluid velocities and gas–liquid pressure drop. 相似文献
80.
S. -L. Guo L. Li T. Doke J. Kikuchi A. Kyan E. Yoshihira T. Kato T. Murakami 《Radiation measurements》2001,34(1-6):269-272
Characteristics of tracks created by heavy ions in bubble detectors have been studied in detail by using four types of super long (23 cm), self-made bubble detectors and six species of high energy heavy ions: 12C, 28Si, 40Ar, 56Fe, 84Kr and 132Xe. The following characteristics of heavy ion tracks in bubble detectors have been recognized: