Recent Developments in the Plant‐Mediated Green Synthesis of Ag‐Based Nanoparticles for Environmental and Catalytic Applications

Among different metallic nanoparticles, sliver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are one of the most essential and fascinating nanomaterials. Importantly, among the metal based nanoparticles, Ag NPs play a key role in various fields such as biomedicine, biosensors, catalysis, pharmaceuticals, nanoscience and nanotechnology, particularly in nanomedicine. A main concern about the chemical synthesis of Ag NPs is the production of hazardous chemicals and toxic wastes. To overcome this problem, many research studies have been carried out on the green synthesis of Ag NPs using green sources such as plant extracts, microorganisms and some biopolymers without formation of hazardous wastes. Among green sources, plants could be remarkably valuable to exploring the biosynthesis of Ag NPs. In this review, the green synthesis of Ag‐based nanocatalysts such as Ag NPs, AgPd NPs, Au?Ag NPs, Ag/AgPd NPs, Ag/Cu NPs, Ag@AgCl NPs, Au?Ag@AgCl nanocomposite, Ag?Cr‐AC nanocomposite and Ag NPs immobilized on various supports such as Natrolite zeolite, bone, ZnO, seashell, hazelnut shell, almond shell, SnO₂, perlite, ZrO₂, TiO₂, α‐Al₂O₃, CeO₂, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), h‐Fe₂O₃@SiO₂, and Fe₃O₄ using numerous plant extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents in the absence of hazardous surfactant and capping agents has been focused. This work describes the state of the art and future challenges in the biosynthesis of Ag‐based nanocatalysts. The fact about the application of living plants in metal nanoparticle (MNPs) industry is that it is a more economical and efficient biosynthesis biosynthetic procedure. In addition, the catalytic activities of the synthesized, Ag‐based recyclable nanocatalysts using various plant extracts in several chemical reactions such as oxidation, reduction, coupling, cycloaddition, cyanation, epoxidation, hydration, degradation and hydrogenation reactions have bben extensively discussed.     

Accumulation of Silver(I) Ion and Diamine Silver Complex by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aeromonas</Emphasis> SH10 biomass

The biomass of Aeromonas SH10 was proven to strongly absorb Ag⁺ and [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺. The maximum uptake of [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ was 0.23 g(Ag) g⁻¹(cell dry weight), higher than that of Ag⁺. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra analysis indicated that some organic groups, such as amide and ionized carboxyl in the cell wall, played an important role in the process of biosorption. After SH10 cells were suspended in the aqueous solution of [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ under 60°C for more than 12 h, [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ was reduced to Ag(0), which was demonstrated by the characteristic absorbance peak of elemental silver nanoparticle in UV-VIS spectrum. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observation showed that nanoparticles were formed on the cell wall after reduction. These particles were then confirmed to be elemental silver crystal by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and UV-VIS analysis. This study demonstrated the potential use of Aeromonas SH10 in silver-containing wastewater treatment due to its high silver biosorption ability, and the potential application of bioreduction of [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ in nanoparticle preparation technology.     

Bioreduction of hexavalent chromium: Effect of compost-derived humic acids and hematite

Composting can enhance the nutrient elements cycling and reduce carbon dioxide production. However, little information is available regarding the application of compost for the remediation of the contaminated soil. In this study, we assess the response of the redox capacities (electron accepting capacities (EAC) and electron donating capacities (EDC)) of compost-derived humic acids (HAs) to the bioreduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), especially in presence of hematite. The result showed that the compost-derived HAs played an important role in the bioreduction of Cr(VI) in presence and absence of hematite under the anoxic, neutral (pH 7) and motionless conditions. Based on the pseudo-first order kinetic model, the rate constants of Cr(VI) reduction increased by 1.36–2.0 times when compost-derived HAs was added. The redox capacity originating from the polysaccharide structure of compost-derived HAs made them effective in the direct Cr(VI) reduction (without MR-1) at pH 7. Meanwhile, the reduction rates were inversely proportional to the composting treatment time. When iron mineral (Fe₂O₃) and compost-derived HAs were both present, the rate constants of Cr(VI) reduction increased by 2.35–5.09, which were higher than the rate of Cr(VI) reduction in HA-only systems, indicating that the hematite played a crucial role in the bioreduction process of Cr(VI). EAC and quinonoid structures played a major role in enhancing the bioreduction of Cr(VI) when iron mineral and compost-derived HAs coexisted in the system. The results can extend the application fields of compost and will provide a new insight for the remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil.     

类产碱假单胞菌全细胞催化前手性酮对映选择性还原合成西他列汀手性中间体

以苯乙酮为唯一碳源,从土壤中筛选出一株能够将4-氧-4-[3-(三氟甲基)-5,6-二氢[1,2,4]三唑并[4,3-a]吡嗪-7(8H)-基]-1-(2,4,5-三氟苯基)丁-2-酮(2)对映选择性还原为抗Ⅱ型糖尿病药物西他列汀关键手性中间体(S)-3-羟基-1-[3-(三氟甲基)-5,6-二氢[1,2,4]三唑并[4,3-a]吡嗪-7(8H)-基]-4-(2,4,5-,三氟苯基)丁-1-酮((S)-1)的细菌菌株,经鉴定并命名为类产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes)XW-40.系统研究了水溶性辅溶剂、温度、p H、底物浓度、细胞浓度、反应时间等反应条件对生物还原产率和对映选择性的影响.该菌株全细胞能够耐受浓度高达10 g/L的前手性酮2.在最优反应条件下,以制备规模合成了(S)-1,分离收率90%,ee99%.