Green Synthetic Approach: An Efficient Eco-Friendly Tool for Synthesis of Biologically Active Oxadiazole Derivatives

Green synthetic protocol refers to the development of processes for the sustainable production of chemicals and materials. For the synthesis of various biologically active compounds, energy-efficient and environmentally benign processes are applied, such as microwave irradiation technology, ultrasound-mediated synthesis, photo-catalysis (ultraviolet, visible and infrared irradiation), molecular sieving, grinding and milling techniques, etc. Thesemethods are considered sustainable technology and become valuable green protocol to synthesize new drug molecules as theyprovidenumerous benefits over conventional synthetic methods.Based on this concept, oxadiazole derivatives are synthesized under microwave irradiation technique to reduce the formation of byproduct so that the product yield can be increased quantitatively in less reaction time. Hence, the synthesis of drug molecules under microwave irradiation follows a green chemistry approach that employs a set of principles to minimize or remove the utilization and production of hazardous toxic materials during the design, manufacture and application of chemical substances.This approach plays a major role in controlling environmental pollution by utilizing safer solvents, catalysts, suitable reaction conditions and thereby increases the atom economy and energy efficiency. Oxadiazole is a five-membered heterocyclic compound that possesses one oxygen and two nitrogen atoms in the ring system.Oxadiazole moiety is drawing considerable interest for the development of new drug candidates with potential therapeutic activities including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticonvulsant, anticancer, antimalarial, antitubercular, anti-asthmatic, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiparkinsonian, analgesic and antiinflammatory, etc. This review focuses on different synthetic approaches of oxadiazole derivatives under microwave heating method and study of their various biological activities.     

Sugar-Based Ionic Liquids: Multifaceted Challenges and Intriguing Potential

Carbohydrates represent a promising option in transitioning from oil-based chemical resources to renewable ones, with the goal of developing chemistries for a sustainable future. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and largely available monosaccharides already provide useful chemical building blocks, so-called platform chemicals, such as levulinic acid and hydroxymethyl furfural, as well as solvents like cyrene or gamma-valerolactone. Therefore, there is great anticipation for novel applications involving materials and chemicals derived from sugars. In the field of ionic liquids (ILs), sugar-based ILs have been overlooked for a long time, mainly on account of their multistep demanding preparation. However, exploring new strategies for accessing sugar-based ILs, their study, and their exploitation, are attracting increasing interest. This is due to the growing concerns about the negative (eco)toxicity profile of most ILs in conjunction with their non-sustainable nature. In the present review, a literature survey concerning the development of sugar-based ILs since 2011 is presented. Their preparation strategies and thermal behavior analyses, sorted by sugar type, make up the first two sections with the intention to provide the reader with a useful guide. A final overview of the potential applications of sugar-based ILs and their future perspectives complement the present analysis.     

Good-Practice Non-Radioactive Assays of Inorganic Pyrophosphatase Activities

Inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) is a ubiquitous enzyme that converts pyrophosphate (PP_i) to phosphate and, in this way, controls numerous biosynthetic reactions that produce PP_i as a byproduct. PPase activity is generally assayed by measuring the product of the hydrolysis reaction, phosphate. This reaction is reversible, allowing PP_i synthesis measurements and making PPase an excellent model enzyme for the study of phosphoanhydride bond formation. Here we summarize our long-time experience in measuring PPase activity and overview three types of the assay that are found most useful for (a) low-substrate continuous monitoring of PP_i hydrolysis, (b) continuous and fixed-time measurements of PP_i synthesis, and (c) high-throughput procedure for screening purposes. The assays are based on the color reactions between phosphomolybdic acid and triphenylmethane dyes or use a coupled ATP sulfurylase/luciferase enzyme assay. We also provide procedures to estimate initial velocity from the product formation curve and calculate the assay medium’s composition, whose components are involved in multiple equilibria.     

Silylated Tag-Assisted Peptide Synthesis: Continuous One-Pot Elongation for the Production of Difficult Peptides under Environmentally Friendly Conditions

Addition of the silylated tag (STag) enables peptides to be highly soluble in CPME, allowing them to be used at high concentrations in a coupling reaction to enhance reactivity and achieve effective synthesis of sterically hindered peptides. We described the development of a continuous one-pot STag-assisted peptide synthesis platform as a method that provides near-stoichiometric, speedy, environmentally friendly, and scalable peptide synthesis.     

Ag doped α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles: Synthesis,characterization and application as heterogeneous photocatalyst for removal of organic dye from aqueous media without any oxidizing agents

α-Fe₂O₃ and Ag doped α-Fe₂O₃ nanostructures were synthesized by wet chemical reflux method. XRD analysis established formation of α-Fe₂O₃ phase for un-doped nanostructures while for Ag-α-Fe₂O₃ the diffraction peaks shift slightly towards higher angle. FESEM suggests the development of fine nanostructures with particle size order of 40–70 ​nm for pristine α-Fe₂O₃ NPs, whereas comparatively larger size NPs with order of 60–110 ​nm for Ag-α-Fe₂O₃. The NPs were used as photocatalysts for degradation of eosin yellow and malachite green dyes in aqueous medium under visible light irradiation. Ag-α-Fe₂O₃ NPs efficiently decolourize about 98% dye molecules within 90 ​min.     

三组分串联反应一锅合成多环稠合的1,5-苯并二氮杂䓬化合物

以取代的邻苯二胺、1,3-环戊二酮或1,3-环己二酮(5,5-二甲基-1,3-环己二酮)、2,3-二羰基化合物为原料,无水乙醇为溶剂,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,经2~5 h串联反应一锅合成43种新颖的1,5-苯并二氮杂?化合物,产率最高可达95%.该反应序列首先通过两次的亲核加成-脱水反应过程,形成分子内亚胺和烯胺结构的活性中间体,然后再经分子内的碳碳偶联环合-质子转移等过程,生成多环稠合的1,5-苯并二氮杂?目标化合物,实现了在一个反应体系中形成一个二氮杂七元环和四个新化学键(两个C—N,一个C=C,一个C—C).该方法操作简单,反应便捷,对环境友好,产率高,为1,5-苯并二氮杂?化合物的合成提供绿色环保,高效简便的合成思路.     

Tunable inhibition of β-amyloid peptides by fast green molecules

The aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) protein into toxic intermediates and mature fibrils is considered to be one of the main causes of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Small molecules as one of blockers are expected to be the potential drug treatment for the disease. However, the nucleation process in molecular assembly is less informative in the literatures. In this work, the formation of Aβ (16-22) peptides was investigated with the presence of small molecule of fast green (FG) at the initial aggregation stage. The results exhibited the tunable inhibitory ability of FG molecules on Aβ (16-22) peptides. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated that the inhibitory effect would be dependent on the dose of FG molecules, which could delay the lag time (nucleation) and form single layer conjugates. Spectral measurements further showed that the β-sheet secondary structure of Aβ (16-22) reduced dramatically after the presence of FG molecules. Instead, non-β-sheet nanosheets were formed when the FG/Aβ (16-22) ratio reached 1:1. In addition, the cytotoxicity of aggregates reduced greatly with the presence of FG molecules compared with the Aβ (16-22) fibrils. Overall, this study provided a method for suppressing the toxic amyloid aggregates by FG molecules efficiently, and also showed a strategy for fabrication of two-dimensional materials by small molecules.     

A rapid nuclear staining test using cationic dyes contributes to efficient STR analysis of telogen hair roots

Telogen hairs presented in the crime scene are commonly encountered as trace evidence. However, short tandem repeat (STR) profiling of the hairs currently have low and limited use due to poor success rate. To increase the success rate of STR profiling of telogen hairs, we developed a rapid and cost‐effective method to estimate the number of nuclei in the hair roots. Five cationic dyes, Methyl green (MG), Harris hematoxylin (HH), Methylene blue (MB), Toluidine blue (TB), and Safranin O (SO) were evaluated in this study. We conducted a screening test based on microscopy and the percentage of loss with nuclear DNA, in order to select the best dye. MG was selected based on its specific nuclei staining and low adverse effect on the hair‐associated nuclear DNA. We examined 330 scalp and 100 pubic telogen hairs with MG. Stained hairs were classified into five groups and analyzed by STR. The fast staining method revealed 70% (head hair) and 33.4% (pubic hair) of full (30 alleles) and high partial (18–29 alleles) STR profiling proportion from the lowest nuclei count group (one to ten nuclei). The results of this study demonstrated a rapid, specific, nondestructive, and high yield DNA profiling method applicable for screening telogen hairs.     

氯化胆碱催化合成香豆素-3-羧酸

香豆素衍生物合成方法的研究与改进已经成为国内外学者的热门研究方向。室温条件下,在水相中以水杨醛和麦氏酸为原料、氯化胆碱为催化剂、乙醇为辅助溶剂,通过Knoevenagal缩合-分子内环化串联反应以88%~96%的产率合成了一系列的香豆素-3-羧酸。该方法拓展了可用于合成香豆素-3-羧酸的催化剂的种类,具有反应条件温和、催化剂廉价易得、底物适用性广、产率较高、后处理简单和产物易于纯化等优点。     

Efficient and green synthesis of novel derivatives of 3,3′-((aryl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)bis(1H-indole) under ultrasound irradiation

Ultrasound as a green process and an alternative energy source was investigated for the ecobenign synthesis of novel diindolylmethanes from various synthesized aldehydes with indoles in short reaction time and high yield. The present methodology offers several advantages such as excellent yields, simple procedure, mild conditions, and reduced environmental consequences. All of the synthesized compounds are new and were characterized by infrared, NMR, and elemental analyses.