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101.
《Surface and interface analysis : SIA》2006,38(10):1348-1356
We report changes in electron effective attenuation lengths (EALs) resulting from use of transport mean free paths (TMFPs) obtained from the Dirac–Hartree–Fock (DHF) potential instead of the Thomas–Fermi–Dirac (TFD) potential in an algorithm used in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Electron Effective‐Attenuation‐Length Database (SRD 82). TMFPs from the former potential are believed to be more reliable than those obtained from the latter potential. We investigated changes in the EALs for selected photoelectron and Auger‐electron lines in four elemental solids (Si, Cu, Ag, and W), for Si 2p photoelectrons of varying energy in SiO2, and for photoelectrons excited by Al Kα X rays in four candidate gate‐dielectric materials (HfO2, ZrO2, HfSiO4, and ZrSiO4). For each material, we computed the change in the average EAL for a range of overlayer‐film thicknesses from zero to a maximum value corresponding to attenuation of the substrate signal to 10% of its original value. This EAL change was a maximum for electrons emitted normally from the surface and decreased monotonically with increasing emission angle. The maximum EAL change varied between ?4.4% and 2.6% for the three groups of materials. We found that the maximum EAL change correlated mainly with the TMFP change. We found that TMFP changes in other solids could generally lead to maximum EAL changes between ?2.6% and 1.9% for electron energies between 500 and 2000 eV. For lower energies, the maximum EAL changes could be larger for some solids. Our revised EALs for Si 2p photoelectrons in SiO2 excited by Mg and Al Kα X rays agree within 0.5% with values reported by Seah and Spencer from a detailed analysis of SiO2 film‐thickness measurements by XPS and other techniques. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
102.
103.
In this paper the distribution of the maximum number of customers in a retrial orbit for a single server queue with Markovian
arrival process and phase type services is studied. Efficient algorithm for computing the probability distribution and some
interesting numerical examples are presented. 相似文献
104.
Tomasz Rolski 《Queueing Systems》1989,4(1):17-26
We study single server periodic queues in the day equilibrium conditions. The following characteristics of interest are considered at time of dayt: Vp(t)-the work load, Lp(t)-the number of customers and up(t)-the departure rate. We give relationships between E[Vp(t)], E[Lp(t)] and up(t). We also prove that E[Vp(t)] < and E[Lp(t)] < provided the second moment of the service time is finite. 相似文献
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109.
Y. Sakaiguchi T. Shikata H. Urakami A. Tamura H. Hirata 《Colloid and polymer science》1987,265(8):750-753
Some cationic surfactants such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) show a very spectacular viscoelasticity in solution, in even very diluted states, with some aromatic substances added, such as salicylic acid. Formerly, the authors established that the remarkable solution behaviour was the result of the entanglement of such enormously elongated giant micelles, based on recognition of the existence of large aggregates, through direct observation of them as substantial images under the electron microscope.In this report, we further confirm the relation between micelle length and solution viscoelasticity after arbitrarily obtaining different size aggregates by altering the media pH, or by admixing shorter chain length surfactants than CTAB, which alone did not induce viscoelasticity. 相似文献
110.
The Fermi and Coulomb holes of the 21
S state of the helium isoelectronic sequence are investigated. Several interesting differences between the results obtained and those which might be expected on the basis of the corresponding 23
S state are pointed out and discussed. 相似文献