全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1520篇 |
免费 | 191篇 |
国内免费 | 132篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 978篇 |
晶体学 | 65篇 |
力学 | 127篇 |
综合类 | 14篇 |
数学 | 105篇 |
物理学 | 554篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 6篇 |
2023年 | 10篇 |
2022年 | 22篇 |
2021年 | 18篇 |
2020年 | 20篇 |
2019年 | 30篇 |
2018年 | 41篇 |
2017年 | 35篇 |
2016年 | 61篇 |
2015年 | 57篇 |
2014年 | 45篇 |
2013年 | 130篇 |
2012年 | 84篇 |
2011年 | 96篇 |
2010年 | 95篇 |
2009年 | 115篇 |
2008年 | 96篇 |
2007年 | 110篇 |
2006年 | 76篇 |
2005年 | 82篇 |
2004年 | 100篇 |
2003年 | 62篇 |
2002年 | 59篇 |
2001年 | 59篇 |
2000年 | 49篇 |
1999年 | 33篇 |
1998年 | 38篇 |
1997年 | 40篇 |
1996年 | 25篇 |
1995年 | 24篇 |
1994年 | 29篇 |
1993年 | 27篇 |
1992年 | 19篇 |
1991年 | 9篇 |
1990年 | 6篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1988年 | 6篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 7篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有1843条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
191.
L. S. Somlai R. Y. F. Liu L. M. Landoll A. Hiltner E. Baer 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2005,43(10):1230-1243
The effect of uniaxial orientation on the free‐volume and oxygen‐transport properties of a propylene copolymer with 4.5 wt % ethylene was examined. The free‐volume hole size and hole density were measured with positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. Subsequently, the free‐volume characteristics were correlated with the oxygen‐transport properties. Orientation had only a small effect on the total amount of free volume: a small increase in the hole density was offset by a small decrease in the hole size. As a result, the oxygen solubility and amorphous‐phase density were unchanged by orientation. However, a pronounced decrease in the oxygen diffusivity when the draw ratio exceeded 6 indicated a change in the dynamic free volume. This was attributed to an increasing number of taut tie chains, which retarded oxygen diffusion. The reduced amorphous chain mobility was also manifest in the increased glass‐transition temperature, decreased bulk thermal expansivity, and decreased expansivity of free‐volume holes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1230–1243, 2005 相似文献
192.
Miyuki Harada Kentaro Aoyama Mitsukazu Ochi 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2005,43(11):1296-1302
The fracture toughness of liquid‐crystalline epoxy systems, which had a nematic polydomain structure (domain size about 40 μm), with an increasing loading rate was evaluated. In this system, the fracture toughness dramatically decreased from 1.96 to 0.22 MN/m3/2 with an increasing loading rate (0.1–5 mm/min). The network orientation near the fracture surface of different loading rate systems was investigated with polarized optical microscopy and polarized infrared spectroscopy. As a result, a large oriented region of mesogenic groups was observed near the fracture surface in the relatively low loading rate (0.1 and 0.5 mm/min) systems, but such a phenomenon was not observed in the high loading rate (2 and 5 mm/min) systems. These results showed that the high fracture toughness of the system at the low loading rate was due to the magnitude and region of the reorientation of the mesogenic groups in the fracture process and that high toughness could not be achieved at a high loading rate because the loading rate was too fast to allow orientation of the networks containing the mesogenic groups. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1296–1302, 2005 相似文献
193.
L. Znaidi G.J.A.A. Soler Illia R. Le Guennic C. Sanchez A. Kanaev 《Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology》2003,26(1-3):817-821
Microcrystalline ZnO films presenting well-defined and tunable orientation were obtained by spin coating of alcoholic sols by two different approaches, based on controlled hydrolysis-condensation of Zn-ethanolamine complexes. As-deposited films are formed by amorphous zinc oxide-acetate submicronic particles, which are transformed into oriented ZnO after thermal treatment. The orientation of ZnO depends on the synthesis method, and the solvent. While in ethanol and [Zn] = 0.05 mol·L–1, films consist of rectangular platelets oriented with the (100) planes parallel to the substrate (a//n), the orientation of the particles changes to (c//n) for systems in 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME) and [Zn] = 0.75 mol·L–1. A study of chemical factors that influence the orientation (precursor, solvent, MEA/Zn ratio, concentration, coating parameters, heat treatment) is presented. 相似文献
194.
A method for determination of the orientation distribution function of anisotropic paramagnetic species from the angular dependence of the ESR spectra based on simulation of the spectra was developed. The orientation distribution function is represented as a sum of orthonormal functions. The weight coefficients are determined by minimizing the deviations of the theoretical spectra from experimental ones. The method was numerically tested. The method is relatively insensitive to the presence of noise and foreign ESR signals not related to the sample orientation in the magnetic field.__________Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2595–2601, December, 2004. 相似文献
195.
Focusing of electromagnetic waves into a uniaxial crystal 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We derive integral representations suitable for studying the focusing of electromagnetic waves through a plane interface into a uniaxial crystal. To that end we start from existing exact solutions for the transmitted fields due to an arbitrary three-dimensional (3D) wave that is incident upon a plane interface separating two uniaxial crystals with arbitrary orientation of the optical axis in each medium. Then we specialize to the case in which the medium of the incident wave is isotropic and derive explicit expressions for the dyadic Green's functions associated with the transmitted fields as well as integral representations suitable for asymptotic analysis and efficient numerical evaluation. Relevant integral representations for focused 3D electromagnetic waves are also given. Next we consider the special case in which (i) the incident field is a two-dimensional (2D) TM wave and (ii) the optical axis in the crystal lies in the plane of incidence, implying that we have a 2D vectorial problem, and derive dyadic Green's functions, integral representations suitable for asymptotic and numerical treatment, and integral representations for focused TM fields. Numerical results for focused 2D TM fields based on these integral representations as well as corresponding experimental results will be presented in forthcoming papers. 相似文献
196.
Nobuhiro Kawatsuki Ryoji Tsutsumi Akie Hiraiwa Hirofumi Takatsuka Takeya Sakai 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2008,46(14):4712-4718
Thermally enhanced photoinduced in‐plane molecular reorientation in new photo‐cross‐linkable polymer liquid crystalline (PPLC) films comprising 4‐[ω‐(4‐methoxycinnamoyloxy)alkyloxy]biphenyl side groups is explored using linearly polarized ultraviolet (LPUV) light exposure and subsequent annealing. The influence of the alkylene spacer length between the photo‐cross‐linkable group and the biphenyl mesogenic moiety is investigated. The straight‐line characteristics of the photoreactive mesogenic side group and the 4‐methoxycinnamoyl group play important roles in the high photoreactivity and the large thermally enhanced molecular reorientation, where the in‐plane order and the birefringence of the reoriented film are 0.61 and 0.18 are obtained. Finally, cooperative molecular reorientation of dichroic dyes doped in PPLC films is also achieved to fabricate a linear polarizer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4712–4718, 2008 相似文献
197.
A. Vermogen E. Picard M. L. Milan K. Masenelli‐Varlot J. Duchet G. Vigier E. Espuche J. F. Gérard 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2008,46(18):1966-1975
Semi‐crystalline polymer‐clay nanocomposite properties are often considered only by their clay dispersion state. The purpose of this work is to highlight texture effects on semi crystalline polymer‐clay properties. Maleic anhydride‐grafted polyethylene nanocomposites with two different processing techniques (Blown Extrusion and Compression) were studied. The processing was shown to induce different crystalline lamellae orientation in the films but with no significant changes in the crystalline lamellae long period, degree of crystallinity, clay particle orientation morphology and dispersion. The impact of these specific textures on the nanocomposites barrier and tensile properties were reported. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1966–1975, 2008 相似文献
198.
Two-dimensional cross polarization (CP), magic angle spinning (MAS) rotor synchronization NMR spectroscopy has been used to determine quantitatively the molecular orientational distribution function on hot-drawn Nylon 6. Both films and fibers are studied that had been thermally deformed at temperature above Tg, from 60 to 175°C at draw ratios in the range of 1-5.5. In the two-dimensional NMR spectrum, the sidebands that intrinsically originate from the chemical shift anisotropy reveal the degree of molecular orientational order. No preferential orientational order is detected for the sample without thermal deformation, and the highest degree of order is observed for samples which have been hot drawn above Tg at ratios ca. 5. Based on the aggregate model the maximum achievable order parameters are determined. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
199.
Michael T. Pottiger John C. Coburn James R. Edman 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》1994,32(5):825-837
The anisotropy of the thermal expansion of polyimide films was investigated . Out-of-plane or thickness direction coefficients of linear thermal expansion (CTE) were calculated from the difference between the coefficient of volumetric expansion (CVE) and the sum of the in-plane or film direction coefficients of linear thermal expansion for commercial and spin-coated PMDA//ODA and BPDA//PPD films and spin coated BTDA//ODA/MPD films. The CVEs were obtained from a pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) technique based on Bridgeman bellows. The CVE was shown to be essentially constant, independent of molecular orientation and thickness. A decrease in the in-plane CTEs therefore occurs at the expense of an increase in the out-of-plane CTE. In all cases the calculated out-of-plane CTE was higher than the measured in-plane CTE. The ratio of the out-of-plane CTE to the in-plane CTE was 1.2, 3.8, and 49.3 for the spin-coated BTDA//ODA/MPD, PMDA//ODA, and BPDA//PPD films, respectively. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
200.
K. Fuhrmann Th. Dries E. W. Fischer M. Ballauff 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》1992,30(11):1199-1206
A superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer suitable for measurements of the magnetic susceptibility up to 600 K has been used to follow the kinetics of realignment in the nematic phase of a side-chain liquid–crystal polymer. Experiments are performed using monodomain and polydomain samples. Results obtained in monodomain samples are in quantitative agreement with the prediction of the continuum theory up to an angle of approximately 60°. Experiments conducted at higher starting angles give clear indication of backflow effects. Data obtained from experiments on polydomain samples have been compared with model calculations using the data on the monodomain samples. This comparison leads to the conclusion that in this case backflow effects play an important role, too. All results show that SQUID magnetometry allows monitoring of the kinetics of realignment with highest precision. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献