Enhanced extraction of cleistanthol from Phyllanthus flexuosus by deep eutectic solvent-modified anion-exchange resin

Anion-exchange resin (AER) and choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent-modified anion-exchange resin (DES-AER) were prepared, and their performance properties were assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and adsorption experiments. In addition, the separation characteristics on the solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges packed with octadecyl silica (ODS), AER, and DES-AER for rapid extraction of cleistanthol from Phyllanthus flexuosus extracts have been evaluated, with recoveries of the materials tested at 72.14, 68.21, and 82.11%, respectively. All results demonstrated that DES-AER not only offered higher adsorption capacity for cleistanthol but also exhibited better extraction efficiency of cleistanthol than those of ODS and AER. In this work, it is the first application of DES in the modification of AER, and the proposed DES-AER showed significant affinity and selectivity toward cleistanthol, which could have potential application for natural product extraction.     

Highly sensitive determination of ectoine and other compatible solutes by anion-exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection

In saline media prokaryotes compensate for the osmotic pressure of the surrounding medium by producing osmolytes. Although these osmolytes or osmoprotectors have quite diverse structures, most of them can be determined by anion-exchange chromatography combined with integrated pulsed amperometric detection. This technique offers the advantages of very high sensitivity and new opportunities to determine ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine—two important osmolytes —after hydrolytic cleavage of the pyrimidine ring. It can even be used to screen bacterial colonies on agar for compatible solutes. Furthermore, it allows amino acids and osmolytes of this type to be determined without derivatization. To test the method we applied it to two halotolerant bacterial strains: Stenotrophomonas rhizophila DSM 14405^T and Halomonas elongata DSM 2581^T. The first strain produced trehalose and glucosylglycerol, and the second ectoine, as the main osmotic counterweight. The relationship between the content of these osmolytes in the bacterial biomass and the external salinity is described.     

Direct determination of carnosic acid in a new active packaging based on natural extract of rosemary

A new antioxidant film is being developed that incorporates a natural extract of rosemary and is intended for contact with food. The rosemary extract has been screened and carnosic acid and carnosol have been determined as the major antioxidant components (6.96% and 0.88%, respectively) that are responsible for the antioxidant properties of the whole extract. Thus, a fast method for the direct determination of carnosic acid in the packaging material, in order to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the new active plastic, has been developed and optimized. The method consists of extraction from the plastic with methanol, followed by anion exchange solid-phase extraction and final analysis by UPLC–MS. Using this process, the recovery of carnosic acid is about 99%. The complete analytical performance of the method developed here is also assessed. The analytical features of the method, such as the relative standard deviation, reproducibility, repeatability, linear range, and detection and quantification limits, are shown. This method can be subsequently modified to monitor other active components in different packages, and it constitutes a crucial step forward in research into new and improved commercial antioxidant packages.     

Use of Sulfonates as Desorption Agents for Phosphopeptide Elution from an Anion-exchange Material

In general, phosphopeptides are specifically adsorbed to the surface of the material at the initial step of phosphopeptide enrichment methods. Thus, nonphosphopeptides can be removed from the media by following the appropriate washing steps. After sufficient washing, the phosphopeptides are eluted from the surface of the material completely for further analysis. Performing the elution of phosphopeptides fully in the enrichment step is very important in terms of determining the whole phosphoproteome profile of a sample by subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. Materials containing anion exchanger groups such as amines on the surface can be used as a selective stationary phase in phosphopeptide enrichment methods. Positively charged groups on the surface of this type of material interact with the phosphate groups of phosphopeptides through electrostatic interactions. Such interactions can be basically manipulated by changing the pH of the medium or replacing the salts present in the solution. Phosphopeptides attached to the surface of anion-exchange materials may be displaced with the addition of highly acidic compounds such as sulfonates to the enrichment medium. Here, we used various sulfonates as desorption agents for the elution of retained phosphopeptides from the surface of an anion-exchange material. We found that differences in the chemical structures and properties of the sulfonates remarkably affected phosphopeptide retrieval from the anion-exchange material.     

Influence of cations on the proton leakage through anion-exchange membranes

In the recovery of acids from wastewaters or the regeneration of acids and bases from salts by electromembrane processes, the most important phenomenon which limits the current efficiency is the transport of protons through the anion-exchange membrane (AEM). In this work, the proton leakage through an AEM is studied with a system containing hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid on the cathodic side and the mixture of acid with one homoanionic salt (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cr³⁺, NH₄⁺, (CH₃)₄N⁺ and (C₂H₅)₄N⁺) on the anodic side. The proton leakage is quantified from the value of the proton transport number. The results are analyzed assuming that the rate determining step of proton leakage is the interfacial transfer reaction of protons from the aqueous anodic solution to the membrane. The proton leakage is enhanced by the polarizing power of the cation. The transfer of protons into the membrane seems to be catalyzed by the presence of a layer of adsorbed cations on the surface of the membrane. The presence of salt decreases the proton leakage but it is always greater with H₂SO₄ solutions compared to HCl solutions.     

Co2+、Zn2+、Cd2+的阴离子交换色谱法分离研究

本文对钴与锌、镉等金属离子的阴离子交换色谱法分离进行了研究．采用201×7型阴离子交换树脂经氧化铵溶液饱和后,在pH＝4．0时,使钴与其它金属离子分离,然后分别用0．02mol／L的盐酸溶液及蒸馏水将锌、镉等金属离子从阴离子交换树脂上洗脱．此法分离效果好,操作简单方便．     

光谱分析法鉴别丙烯酸丁酯废水中的阴离子交换膜污染物

以回收实际丙烯酸丁酯废水有机酸的双极膜电渗析膜堆中的阴离子交换膜为研究对象,对膜使用前后的性能进行了表征,并综合通过衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)、扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对膜表面组分变化进行了表征。膜性能分析结果表明,使用后的阴离子交换膜受到污染,膜电阻增大,迁移数减小。能谱分析结果表明, 使用后阴离子交换膜表面污染物C和O元素含量(以原子百分比计)显著升高,分别从78.10%,8.34%升高到81.76%,12.05%, 表明膜污染物为含碳含氧物质。XPS谱图C1s峰的分析表明,-COO-Na+化学态的百分含量从污染前的8.5%升高到污染后的13.7%,表明膜污染物中含有-COO-Na+。ATR-FTIR分析结果表明,阴离子交换膜使用后,在1 561 cm-1处的吸收增强,而此波长正是-COO-M+(M为金属)的反对称伸缩振动峰,进一步验证了XPS分析结果。由于丙烯酸丁酯废水中含有聚丙烯酸钠,因此采用聚丙烯酸钠溶液污染阴离子交换膜,并对污染后离子交换膜进行膜性能、XPS和ATR-FTIR的分析。结果表明,聚丙烯酸钠导致阴离子交换膜膜电阻增大,迁移数减小,XPS谱图-COO-Na+化学态的百分含量增加,ATR-FTIR谱图1 561 cm-1处吸收增强。综合上述结果,聚丙烯酸钠是废水中造成阴离子交换膜污染的重要物质。光谱分析方法是离子交换膜污染层表征和污染物鉴别的有效手段。     

Preparation of methacrylate-based anion-exchange monolithic microbore column for chromatographic separation of DNA fragments and oligonucleotides

In this paper, we report on the preparation of a microbore-scale (1 mm i.d.) anion-exchange monolithic column suitable not only for analytical purposes but also for potentially preparative applications. In order to meet the conflicting requirements of high permeability and good mechanical strength, the following two-step procedure was applied. First, an epoxy-containing monolith was synthesized by in situ copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) within the confines of a silicosteel tubing of 1.02 mm i.d. and 1/16″ o.d. in the presence of a ternary porogenic mixture of 1-propanol, 1,4-butanediol, and water. The monolithic matrix was subsequently converted into weak anion-exchanger via the ring-opening reaction of epoxy group with diethyl amine. The dynamic binding capacity was 21.4 mg mL⁻¹ for bovine serum albumin (BSA) at 10% breakthrough. The morphology and porous structure of this monolith were assessed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and inverse size exclusion chromatography (ISEC). To optimize the separation efficiency, the effects of various chromatographic parameters upon the separation of DNA fragments were investigated. The resulting monolithic anion exchanger demonstrated good potential for the separation of both single- and double-stranded DNA molecules using a gradient elution with NaCl in Tris–HCl buffer (20 mM). Oligodeoxythymidylic acids (dT₁₂–dT₁₈) were successfully resolved at pH 8, while the fragments of 20 bp DNA ladder, 100 bp DNA ladder, and pBR322-HaeIII digest were efficiently separated at pH 9.     

Improved Apparatus for Celite Chromatography of Steroids

Abstract

A valve arrangement is described which can be incorporated into an apparatus previously designed for the simultaneous operation of large numbers of celite micro columns during the chromatographic separation of steroids. Compared to previous designs this modification reduces the total elution time of solvents from the column, renders the whole procedure less laborious and has the additional advantage of enabling the introduction of solvents into the chromatography column without disturbing the connection to the pressure supply.     

C-410树脂分离富集-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地质样品中的金、铂、钯

研究了地质样品中超痕量Au,Pt和Pd的测定方法。采用C－410阴离子交换树脂在1．5mol/L HCl条件下对Au,Pt,Pd的吸附率分别为91．2％、100．0％、95．7％。共存离子除Ge^4 ,Cr^6 ,Ti^4 外，无显著性干扰，用ICP－MS测定Au,Pt,Pd的检出限分别为0．27、0．40和0．19μg/L。当n=8时，Au的RSD为19．2％；Pt的RSD为28．1％；Pd的RSD为15．6％。