Biomolecules from Plant Wastes Potentially Relevant in the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Co-Occurring Symptomatology

During and following the processing of a plant’s raw material, considerable amounts are wasted, composted, or redistributed in non-alimentary sectors for further use (for example, some forms of plant waste contribute to biofuel, bioethanol, or biomass production). However, many of these forms of waste still consist of critical bioactive compounds used in the food industry or medicine. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders. The primary treatment is based on symptomatology alleviation and controlled dietary management. Thus, this review aimed to describe the possible relevance of molecules residing in plant waste that can be used to manage IBS and co-occurring symptoms. Significant evidence was found that many forms of fruit, vegetable, and medicinal plant waste could be the source of some molecules that could be used to treat or prevent stool consistency and frequency impairments and abdominal pain, these being the main IBS symptoms. While many of these molecules could be recovered from plant waste during or following primary processing, the studies suggested that enriched food could offer efficient valorization and prevent further changes in properties or stability. In this way, root, stem, straw, leaf, fruit, and vegetable pomaces were found to consist of biomolecules that could modulate intestinal permeability, pain perception, and overall gastrointestinal digestive processes.     

Low n-6/n-3 Gestation and Lactation Diets Influence Early Performance,Muscle and Adipose Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content and Deposition,and Relative Abundance of Proteins in Suckling Piglets

Elevated omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratios in swine diets can potentially impose a higher risk of inflammatory and metabolic diseases in swine. A low ratio between the two omega PUFAs has beneficial effects on sows’ and piglets’ production performance and immunity status. At present, there are few studies on how sow nutrition directly affects the protein and fat deposition in suckling piglets. Two groups of sows were fed diets with high or low n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated ratios of 13:1 (SOY) and 4:1 (LIN), respectively, during gestation and lactation. Longissimus dorsi muscle and adipose tissue from newborn piglets, nourished only with sow’s milk, were subjected to fatty acid profiling by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and to proteomics assays based on nano-liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-HRMS). Fatty acid profiles on both muscle and adipose tissues resembled the magnitude of the differences between fatty acid across diets. Proteomic analysis revealed overabundance of 4 muscle and 11 adipose tissue proteins in SOY compared to LIN in both piglet tissues. The detected overabundance of haptoglobin, an acute-phase protein, and the stimulation of protein-coding genes and proteins related to the innate immune response and acute inflammatory response could be associated with the pro-inflammatory role of n-6 PUFAs.     

Retronasal Aroma of Beef Pate Analyzed by a Chewing Simulator

In retronasal aroma, the targeted aroma compounds are released from food during chewing. The changes in the food structures during chewing strongly influence the release of the compounds, therefore affecting the perception of food. Here, the relationship between retronasal aroma and food deliciousness based on the physicochemical properties of aroma compounds was examined. We considered the consumption of solid foods and the effect of oral parameters in elderly people. Beef pate was used as a model food sample to study the effect of the release of aroma compounds under controlled in vitro mastication and salivation conditions using a chewing simulator. We identified the effects of coexisting ingredients such as beef fat on the time course behavior of the release of aroma compounds. In particular, the release of the middle types of aromas was significantly faster with stronger chewing force, and higher with a high fat content of the sample. In addition, a larger release intensity was observed when soy proteins were partially substituted for beef proteins. Using an appropriate model saliva, a change in the salting-out effect from the saliva composition was found to be a factor, which could explain the lowering of aroma sensation in an elderly person.     

基于蚁群-遗传算法的光谱选择方法与应用

脂肪作为牛奶中的重要营养成分,是评价牛奶质量的一项重要指标。高光谱图像技术能够提供几十到数千波长的数据,能够反映牛奶中不同组成成分细微的光谱差异;另一方面,相邻波段之间往往具有很强的相关性,不仅增加了计算量,而且容易造成维数灾难等问题,因此对高光谱数据进行波段选择非常重要。工作中提出了PLS-ACO特征波段选择方法,并与遗传算法结合,组合成了PLS-ACO-GA的特征波段选择新方法。提出的两种方法以蚁群算法为基础,PLS回归模型回归系数的绝对值作为评价波长重要性的主要依据,以此作为蚁群算法的启发式信息,利用蚁群算法进行智能搜索,结合遗传算法,产生更多优秀的特征波段组合,避免PLS-ACO算法得到的只是局部最优解,得到的最优波段组合能够更好的反映牛奶中脂肪成分的信息;通过计算波长贡献率,筛选出最优波段组合,并与遗传算法,CARS算法和基本蚁群算法光谱特征选择方法比较,最后比较不同特征选择方法下的PLS回归模型预测效果。PLS-ACO, PLS-ACO-GA, CARS, GA和ACO分别筛选了牛奶样品光谱中的18,16,40,43和42个特征波段。其中PLS-ACO-GA筛选波段后的PLS预测模型效果最好,预测集R2_p和RMSEP分别为0.997 6和0.062 2,PLS-ACO次之,预测集R2_p和RMSEP分别为0.997 0和0.077 8。PLS-ACO和PLS-ACO-GA不仅减少了特征波段数量,而且提高了模型的精度。对PLS-ACO-GA进行特征波段选择后的数据,建立MLR,RFR和PLS回归预测模型。MLR预测模型的R2_p和RMSEP分别为0.997 6和0.062 3。RFR回归模型R2_p和RMSEP分别为0.999 9和0.003 0,PLS回归模型的R2_p和RMSEP分别为0.997 6和0.062 2。RFR模型在三种回归预测模型中表现最好。研究结果表明PLS-ACO和PLS-ACO-GA这两种方法可以实现光谱数据特征波段选择,高光谱技术可以实现牛奶中脂肪含量的检测,为牛奶脂肪含量检测提供了一种新的、快速无损的方法。     

凝胶渗透色谱净化/液相色谱-串联质谱法对动物脂肪中111种农药残留量的同时测定

建立了液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定动物脂肪中111种农药残留的分析方法.样品经乙腈均质提取2次,旋转蒸发浓缩后经过凝胶渗透色谱净化.111种农药在Atlantis T3柱上以乙腈和0.1%甲酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱条件下完成分离,采用电喷雾电离串联质谱在正离子多反应监测模式下进行测定.目标化合物的保留时间为2.4 ～33.8 min,线性相关系数为0.984 5 ～0.999 9;在4种动物脂肪中分别添加1倍、2倍、4倍定量下限3个水平的平均回收率为60% ～120%,相对标准偏差为0.6% ～19.8%;111种农药在动物脂肪中的检出限为0.20 ～960 μg/kg,定量下限为0.40 ～2 400 μg/kg.该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、选择性好,符合农药多残留分析的要求.     

强恒磁场对动物血清中锌铜影响的研究

用ＡＡＳ研究了加磁前后的家兔和小鼠血清中锌，铜含量的变化。结果表明，家兔加磁１６天后血清中锌较加磁前无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），而血清中铜则显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；小鼠加磁１６天，血清中锌，铜较对照组均有显著的降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

基于Zipf律的尾部特征分析及VaR计算

分布的尾部特征分析在许多领域都非常重要，估计和分辨尾部服从幂律特征还是指数特征非常重要。在本文中，我们提出了在分析数据的Zipf幂律的基础上来分辨尾部特征的方法。通过实证分析，我们得出了上证指数收益率的确存在具有尺度不变性的Zipf幂律现象，然后分布的尾部特征就被确定，并得到了尾部指数的一种简单的估计方法，最后对该市场的在险价值（VaR）进行了计算和分析。     

Flotation/ultrasound‐assisted microextraction followed by HPLC for determination of fat‐soluble vitamins in multivitamin pharmaceutical preparations

Dissolved carbon dioxide flotation–emulsification microextraction technique coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography was developed for separation and determination of fat‐soluble vitamins (A, D₃, E, and K₃) in multivitamin pharmaceutical preparations. Dissolved carbon dioxide flotation was used to break up the emulsion of extraction solvent in water and to collect the extraction solvent on the surface of aqueous sample in narrowed capillary part of extraction cell. Carbon dioxide bubbles were generated in situ through the addition of 300 μL of concentrated hydrochloric acid into the alkaline sample solution at pH = 11.5 (1% w/v sodium carbonate), which was sonicated to intensify the carbon dioxide bubble generation. Several factors affecting the extraction process were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection were 0.11, 0.47, 0.20 and 0.35 μg/L for A, E, D₃, and K₃ vitamins in water samples, respectively. The inter‐day and intra‐day precision of the proposed method were evaluated in terms of the relative standard deviation and were <10.5%.     

Recent progress in biodegradable polymers and nanocomposite-based packaging materials for sustainable environment

Plastic-based materials are frequently used in packaging and can be seen universally in both the developed and developing societies. At present, most of the currently used food packaging materials are nondegradable and are creating serious environmental problems. New technologies are being explored and developed to study the complex interaction between the food packaging materials and food. For example, nanocomposite of cellulose constitutes environmentally friendly packaging, which is easily recycled by combustion and requires low power consumption in production. There are several such biodegradable materials which are available at a low price, have good mechanical properties and allow disposal in the soil. This is advantageous because biological degradation produces only carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic compounds to name a few. It has also been discovered that biodegradable plastics made of such materials can be disposed of together with organic waste. The widespread use of biopolymers in the place of standard plastics would help to reduce the weight of waste. Therefore, biodegradable materials take part in the natural cycle “from nature to nature” and play an important role for environmental sustainability. So, in this article, we briefly summarize the different characteristic of biodegradable polymers being used in food packaging applications.