Maximum Thermodynamic Electrical Efficiency of Fuel Cell System and Results for Hydrogen,Methane, and Propane Fuels

The maximum electrical efficiency of fuel cell system, η_e^max, is important for the understanding and development of the fuel cell technology. Attempt is made to build a theory for η_e^max by considering the energy requirement of heating the fuel and air streams to the fuel cell operating temperature T. A general thermodynamic analysis is performed and the energy balances for the overall operating processes of a fuel cell system are established. Explicit expressions for the determination of η_e^max are deduced. Unlike the Carnot efficiency, η_e^max is found to be fuel specific. Except for hydrogen fuel, chemical equilibrium calculations are necessary to compute η_e^max. Analytical solutions for the chemical equilibrium of alkane fuels are presented. The theoretical model is used to analyze the effects of T and the steam contents of CH₄, C₃H₈, and H₂ on η_e^max for systems with various degrees of waste heat recovery. Contrary to the common perception concerning methane and propane fuels, η_e^max decreases substantially with the increase of T. Moreover, η_e^max of hydrogen fuel can be higher than that of methane and propane fuels for a system with a medium level of waste heat recovery and operated at 700 ℃≤T≤900 ℃.     

Fe-Zn-M/HZSM-5复合催化剂上CO_2加氢性能的研究

研究了 380℃、 5 .0 MPa条件下 ,在 Fe- Zn- M/ HZSM- 5 (M=Cr、 Al)复合催化剂上进行的 CO2 催化加氢的反应 .考察了 Fe- Zn- M中 Fe含量、分子筛的硅铝比及 Fe- Zn- M/ HZSM- 5的比率对 CO2 转化率和产物选择性的影响 .结果表明 ,随着 Fe含量的增加 ,复合催化剂的活性增强、目的产物选择性降低 ;Fe- Zn- M与 HZSM- 5间有适宜的配比 ;分子筛的硅铝比影响到复合催化剂的活性和选择性 ,随着分子筛硅铝比的降低 ,复合催化剂的活性增强 ,目的产物选择性提高     

反应条件对Pt/SAPO-11催化油脂一步加氢制异构烷烃的影响

在固定床反应器中,以大豆油为模型原料,研究了反应温度、压力、氢油比和空速等条件对Pt/SAPO-11催化油脂一步加氢制异构烷烃反应的影响,并分析了反应中间产物、气体产物(CO,CO₂)及烷烃终产物的变化趋势. 结果表明,高温、低压或低氢油比可抑制酯、羧酸和醛的氢解以及醇的生成,促进油脂脱氧选择性地向脱羧和脱羰方向进行;异构烷烃收率随温度升高或空速减小而先增加后下降,但反应压力和氢油比的影响不大. 另外,对油脂一步加氢过程可能的反应历程进行了讨论.     

烷烃与羟基自由基反应速率常数的估算

根据烷烃分子中碳氢键离解能与烷基Ri的极化效应指数(PEI)的关系,由PEI表达烷烃C-H键与羟基自由基反应的活化能E;用烷基Ri的拓扑立体效应指数(TSEI)定量相关阿仑尼乌斯公式中的指数前因子A.研究表明PEI、TSEI和温度T三参数可以定量关联羟基自由基与烷烃中伯、仲、叔碳氢键反应的活性.所得方程可以准确地区分不同C-H键的活性.结合烷基Ri的PEI和TSEI参数用于预测不同温度下烷烃、环烷烃与羟基自由基反应的绝对速率常数和相对速率常数,预测值与实验值一致.