感念虞福春先生与他纯真的物理人生

<正>1引言虞福春(1914—2003),福建省福州人。著名的物理学家、教育家,国际核磁共振应用开拓者,核磁共振谱学奠基人之一。他又是中国核教育的主要开拓者和奠基人之一,中国物理学教育的一代宗师。他辛勤努力,从不懈怠地耕耘物理学六十余载,没有多少荣誉,没有多少桂冠,在大学里淡泊地度过了一生。他自己总是以穷小子出身,做好一个"教书匠"而感到满足。多少年来,我们大家都尊称他"虞先生",十分感念他。值此纪念先生百年诞辰之际,我们重温先生的人生之路和他质朴纯真的物理人生,我们又一次被感动、震撼:惊叹先     

质子数Z 分别位于Ru 之上和之下的A~(100~126) 丰中子原子核三轴形变在原子核形状变迁和共存中的重要作用(英文)

基于Ru (Z = 44) 丰中子同位素中存在最大三轴形变的理论预言和实验证据,综述了近年来Rh (Z = 45),Pd (Z =46), Ag (Z =47), Cd (Z =48)(质子数Z 位于Ru,Z =44 之上)及Zr (Z =40), Nb (Z =41), Mo (Z =42),Tc (Z =43)(质子数Z 位于Ru,Z =44 之下) 的A~ (100~126) 丰中子同位素中关于三轴形变的形状变迁和形状共存系统性研究的重要进展。252Cf 自发裂变瞬发 射线-- 三重符合、特别是新建立的--- 四重符合数据的系统观测和研究,在Ru, Pd, Cd 和Nb 丰中子同位素中显著扩展或首次观测到了一系列能带,为这个核区原子核形状的研究提供了新的、重要的实验数据。联系此前报道的有关进展,使用PES, TRS, PSM, CCCSM 和SCTAC 理论模型计算拟合新的实验数据,在该核区沿同中素和同位素链,并随自旋和激发能变化各自由度,跟踪原子核形状渐进变化,获得了新的系统性研究成果,显著扩展和深化了人们对原子核形状变迁和形状共存的认知。对于Ru 及其上的Rh (Z = 45), Pd (Z = 46), Ag (Z = 47) 和Cd (Z = 48) 丰中子同位素的研究表明:Rh 丰中子核具有比最大值稍小的三轴形变,γ = 28°,并在103{106Rh 同位素链上鉴别出了手征对称破缺;在三轴形变核112Ru和114Pd(N = 68)中发现了三轴原子核的摆动运动,该摆动运动也可能在114Ru (N = 70)中存在;观察到了从具有最大三轴形变的110,112Ru 中手征破缺到稍小三轴形变的112,114,116Pd 中扰动的手征破缺的过渡;在较软的Ag 核中观察到了丰富的谱学结构,在104,105Ag 中鉴别出了可能的手征对称破缺,在较重的115,117Ag 中提出了趋于三轴形变的软度;具有小形变的Cd核的能级结构被解释为准粒子耦合、准转动和软三轴形变;最近的库伦激发的研究提供了Z = 50, N = 82满壳附近122,124,126Cd 核中出现核集体性的实验和理论证据;上述研究成果展现出从Ru中的最大三轴形变(γ=30°,三轴形变极小增益为0.67 MeV), 经具有大三轴形变的Rh核γ=28°),到Pd核中的稍小、但稳定于中等自旋到高自旋区的三轴形变(γ~41°,三轴形变极小增益为0.32 MeV),再经Ag核中的软度,最后到具有很小形变、但仍出现集体性质、包括软三轴形变的Cd核的过渡。对于Pd核转动带交叉系统性的研究揭示了其第一带交叉(νh_11/2)2 中子转动顺排的上行驱动,和第二带交叉(πg_9/2)2质子转动顺排的下行驱动效应,成功地解释了114Pd 中的三轴摆动运动,并给出了110-118Pd同位素链中理论早已预言、而比早期理论预言更为完整准确的形状渐进变迁和形状共存的图像。根据该核区的系统研究,发现最大三轴形变出现在112Ru,而在相邻的偶Z(Pd)同位素链,三轴形变极小的中心在114Pd, 两者均为N = 68。上述系统性研究沿相邻的Ru和Pd偶Z同位素链,在N =68同中素中鉴别出最大三轴形变,均比理论预言的108Ru 和110Pd 多4个中子。在Z值位于Ru (Z = 44) 之下的Zr (Z = 40), Nb (Z = 41), Mo (Z = 42) and Tc (Z = 43) 丰中子同位素中,Y和Zr核具有很强的轴对称四极形变,而在较重的Zr同位素中出现了自由度;较重的Nb核(A = 104~106) 基态具有中等程度的软三轴形变和强四极形变,随着自旋和激发能的增加,过渡到接近于轴对称的强四极形变;而较轻的Nb核(A≤103) 基态均接近轴对称形状;在Nb同位素链上基态由球形到强四极形变的形状突变发生在100Nb(N = 59),在100-106Nb同位素链中基态的软三轴形变随中子数增加而增加;在Nb核中还观察到关于软三轴形变的形状共存;Mo核具有大的三轴形变,观察到了振动和手征对称破缺;Tc核具有比最大值稍小的三轴形变,γ=26°,并观察到了手征对称破缺。质子数Z从41到48的A~(100~126)丰中子同位素,特别是Pd和Nb 同位素,呈现出关于三轴形变的过渡特征。This paper reviews the systematic investigations and understanding for the shape transitions and coexistence with regard to triaxial deformations in A s 100 to 126 neutron-rich Rh (Z = 45), Pd (Z = 46), Ag (Z = 47), Cd (Z = 48) and Zr (Z = 40), Nb (Z = 41), Mo (Z = 42), Tc (Z = 43) isotopes with Z beyond and below Ru (Z = 44), respectively, in Ru the maximal triaxial deformation having been predicted and deduced. The recent measurements and studies of prompt triple- and four-fold, γ-γ-γ and γ-γ-γ-γ, coincidence data from the spontaneous fission of 252Cf using Gammasphere have yielded considerable expansion and extension or first observation of the bands in Ru, Pd, Cd, and Nb isotopes,which provided important data for the studies of nuclear shapes in this region. Combined with previous investigations, recent systematic studies of the new data well reproduced by PES, TRS, PSM, CCCSM and SCTAC model calculations have traced shape changes along the isotonic and isotopic chains, respectively,and with changing excitations/spins as well, significantly expanding our knowledge of shape transitions/coexistence in nuclei.For the neutron-rich Ru and beyond, Rh, Pd, Ag and Cd isotopes, triaxial deformations γ= 28°,slightly smaller than the maximal value, were deduced in Rh (Z = 45) isotopes, with chiral symmetry breaking proposed in 103-106Rh; onset of wobbling motions were identified in 112Ru and 114Pd (N =68),and probably also in 114Ru (N =70); evolution from chiral symmetry breaking in 110,112Ru with maximal triaxial deformations to disturbed chirality in 112,114,116Pd with less pronounced triaxial deformations was proposed; rich nuclear structure was proposed in soft Ag isotopes with possible chiral doubling structure suggested in 104,105Ag, and softness towards triaxial deformation proposed in heavier 115,117Ag;quasi-particle couplings, quasi-rotations and soft triaxiality were suggested in Cd (Z =48) isotopes with small deformations; onset of collectivity was recently suggested in 122,124,126Cd in the vicinity of Z =50 and N = 82 closed shells by studies of Coulomb excitations; shape evolutions from maximal triaxial deformations in Ru (γ=30°, with triaxial minimum energy gain of 0.67 MeV), through Rh with large triaxial deformations ( γ=28°), to less pronounced triaxiality in Pd (with triaxial minimum energy gain of 0.32 MeV), then soft triaxiality in Ag, and finally to slightly deformed Cd isotopes but with emergence of collectivity and soft triaxiality were proposed. The systematic studies of the band crossings in Pd revealed up-rising drivings of the first band crossings caused by (νh_11/2)2 and down-sloping drivings of the second band crossings by (πg_9/2)2, explained the onset of wobbling motions in 114Pd,and showed a long-sought picture of shape evolution and coexistence in the Pd isotopic chain which is more complete but complex than earlier predictions. Based on the systematic studies in the mass region,maximal triaxial deformation is found to be reached in 112Ru and less-pronounced triaxiality centered at 114Pd, both for N =68, four neutrons more than predicted in earlier theoretical calculations.In the neutron-rich Zr (Z =40), Nb (Z =41), Mo (Z =42) and Tc (Z =43) isotopes with Z just below Ru, large quadrupole deformations of axially symmetric shapes were deduced in Y and Zr isotopes, with emergence of the degree of freedom having been suggested for heavier Zr isotopes; medium triaxial deformations were deduced for the ground states of heavier (A > 104) Nb isotopes, and, with increasing excitations and spins, evolution from medium triaxial deformations with strong quadrupole deformations at ground states to nearly axially-symmetric shapes were deduced; light Nb isotopes (A6103) have near axially-symmetric shapes with strong quadrupole deformations; combining with the identification of onset of strong quadrupole deformation at 100Nb in the Nb isotopic chain, an increase of soft triaxiality with increasing neutron number was proposed in 100-106Nb. Shape coexistence with regard to soft triaxiality is also proposed in Nb isotopes; large triaxial deformations, vibrations and chiral doublets were proposed in Mo isotopes; chiral doubling and large triaxial deformations (γ ~26°) slightly smaller than the maximal triaxiality were suggested in Tc isotopes.The neutron-rich nuclei with Z ranging from 41 through 48 and A ~100 to 126, especially the Pd and Nb isotopes are thus found to be transitional nuclei with regard to triaxiality.     

壳模型对143Pm核跃迁几率的计算

原子核跃迁几率理论计算和实验对比是分析描述原子核内部结构的主要手段之一。目前采用重离子核反应观测到^143Pm核（Z=61，N=82）高自旋能级结构:激发态最大能级达x=8397．6keV，对应自旋J=47／2（h=1）。利用核壳模型在计算^143Pm核能级结构及对应的自旋宇称基础上，系统地对其γ级联跃迁链以及纯E2跃迁进行了计算，并与实验数据进行对比。采用OXBASH程序的单粒子跃迁公式计算了^143Pm的跃迁几率。At present, the high spin state of ^143 Pm（Z = 61, N = 82） have been investigated. The level scheme of ^143Pm has been extended up to an excitation energy Ex = 8 397.6 keV and spin J =47/2（ h = 1 ）. Based on the nuclear shell model （NSM）, we have calculated the sequences of γ-ray transition rates and the pure E2 reduced transition probabilities of ^143Pm, and compared with experimental data. The formula of single-particle transition probability in the OXBASH code was applied in this paper.     

乙基苯胺的转动光谱及分子结构

本文使用傅里叶变换微波谱仪研究了乙基苯胺类物质(邻乙基苯胺,间乙基苯胺,对乙基苯胺)的分子结构. 由于此类分子含氮原子(I¹⁴N=1),因此跃迁谱线中都呈现出核四级裂分. 通过比较实验测定得到的分子结构,可总结苯胺环上不同位置乙基的取代对氨基及分子整体结构的影响.     

R600a喷雾冷却系统换热过程

以R600a压力式封闭系统喷雾冷却过程为研究对象,对其换热过程进行分析。对液滴撞击热面后的状态进行建模,分析了其运动状态。通过忽略液膜的对流换热,引入韦伯数来简化并修正雾滴与热源表面的对流换热系数关联式;借鉴二次成核理论,通过单位时间内,单位面积上覆盖的雾滴数量对核态沸腾换热系数关联式修正。通过上述分析,以对流换热和核态沸腾换热两种机理为中心,建立了新的换热系数关联式。通过与其他文献的关联式、实验测量值进行比较、不同工质进行比较、不同实验系统比较,发现该式预测值和实验测量值偏差在±20%以内,能够很好地预测压力式封闭系统喷雾冷却过程的换热系数。     

关于热力学和统计物理学中的负温度

近年来在与多位中学物理教师接触的过程中,只要一提到"负温度"这个名词,多数都会回答"闻所未闻",或感到迷惑和神秘莫测.为弥补这种缺陷,值此《物理通报》出版30周年之际,特献上此文供中学物理教师一阅.1问题的提出其实,早在20世纪40年代,在前苏联理论物理大师朗道及其弟子栗弗席兹合著《理论物理学》丛     

时间分辨晶体谱仪在Z箍缩等离子体中的应用

在装置阳加速器上,使用椭圆弯晶谱仪对Al丝阵Z箍缩实验的X射线辐射特性进行了研究。在谱仪结构中,使用椭圆面的晶体作为分光元件,采用PIN阵列作为记录元件实现时间分辨测量,同时用成像板记录时间积分结果。在Al丝阵Ｚ箍缩实验中,获得了时间分辨的Al等离子体Ｋ壳层辐射谱,用基于碰撞-辐射模型的K壳层线辐射谱分析程序对Al丝阵Z箍缩的实验数据进行了分析,获得了Al丝阵等离子体的时间分辨的电子温度和时空平均的电子数密度参数。     

激光辐照下旋转柱壳温度场的数值模拟

 采用有限元方法数值模拟在连续激光辐照下旋转柱壳温度场的变化和分布情况,并分析了热性能参数对温度场造成的影响,同时还比较分析了不同旋转频率对柱壳温度场分布的影响。结果表明,激光作用下旋转柱壳的温升大大低于静止柱壳的温升, 外表面温度呈现出与旋转频率相符的周期性上升过程,而内表面温升由于热传导的原因在较小频率下才表现出这种周期性,当频率增大到一定值时,内表面温升不出现周期性的台阶而是曲线上升。     

Rh ⅩⅢ,Pd ⅪⅤ和AgⅩⅤ离子4s~24p~3—4s~24p~25s跃迁的扩展分析

用相对论HartreeFock方法对YⅦ—AgⅩⅤ离子4s24p3和4s24p25s组态的能级结构进行了系统的理论计算.通过分析能级结构的Slater径向积分参数沿等电子序列的变化规律,运用参数拟合外推(或内插)的方法计算了上述离子组态的能级结构参数.在此基础上,计算了Rh,Pd和AgⅩⅤ离子4s24p3(4S32,2P12,32,2D12,32)和4s24p25s(4P12,32,52,2P12,32,2D32,52,2S12)组态的精细结构能级以及这两个组态之间电偶极允许跃迁的全部35条谱线波长与相应的振子强度,其中Pd和AgⅩⅤ离子的所有数据纯属目前的预测计算值.     

壳管相变蓄热器强化传热实验研究

为了强化相变蓄热器传热性能,本文设计了三种新型壳管相变蓄热器结构,并对其换热性能进行实验研究.结果表明:在蓄热器内部添加分层结构和斜翅片换热性能最高,内部温度达到均匀化的时间随换热单元数增加而增大;换热管道间翅片的添加可有效地强化换热效果,改善蓄热器内部出现的温度严重分层现象,温度分布更加均匀;在研究范围内,换热流体温...