Observation and analysis of near-surface atmospheric aerosol optical properties in urban Beijing

Year-round measurements of the mass concentration and optical properties of fine aerosols (PM_2.5) from June 2009 to May 2010 at an urban site in Beijing were analyzed. The annual mean values of the PM_2.5 mass concentration, absorption coefficient (Ab), scattering coefficient (Sc) and single scattering albedo (SSA) at 525 nm were 67 ± 66 μg/m³, 64 ± 62 Mm⁻¹, 360 ± 405 Mm⁻¹ and 0.82 ± 0.09, respectively. The bulk mass absorption efficiency and scattering efficiency of the PM_2.5 at 525 nm were 0.78 m²/g and 5.55 m²/g, respectively. The Ab and Sc showed a similar diurnal variation with a maximum at night and a minimum in the afternoon, whereas SSA displayed an opposite diurnal pattern. Significant increases in the Ab and Sc were observed in pollution episodes caused by the accumulation of pollutants from both local and regional sources under unfavorable weather conditions. Aerosol loadings in dust events increased by several times in the spring, which had limited effects on the Ab and Sc due to the low absorption and scattering efficiency of dust particles. The frequency of haze days was the highest in autumn because of the high aerosol absorption and scattering under unfavorable weather conditions. The daily PM_2.5 concentration should be controlled to a level lower than 64 μg/m³ to prevent the occurrence of haze days according to its exponentially decreased relationship with visibility.     

TSP aerosol source apportionment in the urban region of the Indian steel city,Rourkela

Steel industries are a major contributor to aerosols in steel cities like Rourkela. We designed an air quality sampling program to characterize total suspended particulate (TSP) aerosol in urban areas of Rourkela and to identify their steel-related and other sources. Monitoring was carried out over 8 h, twice per week from January 2011 to December 2012. Metallic species of TSP aerosols were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer; ionic species using the IS 3025 method; and carbonaceous species using a total organic carbon analyzer. Enrichment factor and Spearman's rank correlation analysis were carried out on compositional data. Significant seasonal variations were observed for TSP with totals in summer > spring > winter > monsoon. Low concentrations during monsoon reflected wet scavenging, while high concentrations during summer were related to wind turbulence and low humidity. The chemical mass balance model CMB8.2 was applied to apportion sources. Particles related to steel production, road dust, and soil were dominant in all seasons. A fertilizer plant was found to contribute particles in summer and monsoon. Wood combustion, diesel exhaust, and liquefied petroleum gas contributed significantly in spring and winter. While diesel exhaust, industrial manufacturing, solid waste burning, cement kilns, and construction were found to contribute to TSP at various times throughout the year.     

基于衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱技术的气溶胶中水溶性无机离子定量分析方法研究

利用衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外(ATR-FTIR)光谱技术探讨了气溶胶颗粒物中SO2-₄,NO-₃,NH+₄三种水溶性无机离子的快速无损测量方法。利用IC法测量三种无机离子含量的对照值,结合偏最小二乘(PLS)法建立了三种无机离子的定量分析模型,并对模型进行了评价;利用马氏距离判别法对异常值进行了判别与剔除,并探讨了不同光谱预处理方法和不同光谱范围对建模结果的影响,确定了最佳建模参数。结果表明剔除异常值之后经二阶微分处理的模型预测性能较好,SO2-₄在1 220～900 cm-1光谱范围内预测性能较好,NO-₃在1 521～900 cm-1光谱范围内预测性能较好,NH+₄在1 521～1 220 cm-1光谱范围内预测性能较好,预测均方根误差分别为1.736 7,1.023 9和1.482 3。所建立的模型为实现对大批量气溶胶样品中三种无机离子的实时快速定量分析建立了基础。     

Mass concentration calculation with the pulse height distribution of aerosols and system calibration

The pulse height distribution of aerosols, which was measured by an optical particle counter, was applied to inverse aerosol mass concentration. Using the conceptions of equivalent diameters, the feasibility that the pulse height distribution was used to inverse mass concentration was verified theoretically, and then the definition of average mass was introduced. According to the Mie scattering theory, considering particle shape and non-uniformity of intensity distribution in the optical sensing volume, a novel algorithm for mass concentration was proposed based on the theoretical analysis. In this algorithm, we only need to calibrate two coefficients. The Gauss-Newton and the two-step calibration methods were presented. The former method revealed that calibration coefficients calculated with nonlinear regression are related to the range of mass concentration, leading to the instability of the calibration coefficients. Furthermore, though detailed analysis of the problem, the latter method was put forward. The experimental results indicate mass concentrations inversed by the algorithm have high precision.     

Dustiness test of nanopowders using a standard rotating drum with a modified sampling train

The standard rotating drum tester was used to determine the dustiness of two nanopowders, nano-TiO₂ and fine ZnO, in standard 1-min tests. Then, the sampling train was modified to determine the number and mass distributions of the generated particles in the respirable size range using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) and a Multi-orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) in the 30-min tests. It was found that very few particles below 100 nm were generated and the released rate of particles decreased with increasing rotation time for both nanopowders in the 30-min tests. Due to the fluffy structure of the released TiO₂ agglomerated particles, the mass distributions measured by the MOUDI showed large differences with those determined by the APS assuming the apparent bulk densities of the powders. The differences were small for the ZnO agglomerates, which were more compact than the TiO₂ agglomerates.     

Application of an aerosol shock tube to the measurement of diesel ignition delay times

Shock tube ignition delay times were measured for DF-2 diesel/21% O₂/argon mixtures at pressures from 2.3 to 8.0 atm, equivalence ratios from 0.3 to 1.35, and temperatures from 900 to 1300 K using a new experimental flow facility, an aerosol shock tube. The aerosol shock tube combines conventional shock tube methodology with aerosol loading of fuel-oxidizer mixtures. Significant efforts have been made to ensure that the aerosol mixtures were spatially uniform, that the incident shock wave was well-behaved, and that the post-shock conditions and mixture fractions were accurately determined. The nebulizer-generated, narrow, micron-sized aerosol size distribution permitted rapid evaporation of the fuel mixture and enabled separation of the diesel fuel evaporation and diffusion processes that occurred behind the incident shock wave from the chemical ignition processes that occurred behind the higher temperature and pressure reflected shock wave. This rapid evaporation technique enables the study of a wide range of low-vapor-pressure practical fuels and fuel surrogates without the complication of fuel cracking that can occur with heated experimental facilities. These diesel ignition delay measurements extend the temperature and pressure range of earlier flow reactor studies, provide evidence for NTC behavior in diesel fuel ignition delay times at lower temperatures, and provide an accurate data base for the development and comparison of kinetic mechanisms for diesel fuel and surrogate mixtures. Representative comparisons with several single-component diesel surrogate models are also given.     

Stable isotope ratio method for the characterisation of the poultry house environment

Stable isotope analysis was applied to describe the poultry house environment. The poultry house indoor environment was selected for this study due to the relevant health problems in animals and their caretakers. Air quality parameters including temperature, relative humidity, airflow rate, NH₃, CO₂ and total suspended particles, as well as mean levels of total airborne bacteria and fungi count, were measured. Carbon isotope ratios (¹³C/¹²C) were obtained in size-segregated aerosol particles. The carbon (¹³C/¹²C) and nitrogen (¹⁵N/¹⁴N) isotope ratios were measured in feed, litter, scrapings from the ventilation system, feathers and eggs. Additionally, the distribution of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values in different tissues of the chicken was examined. The airborne bacteria and fungi extracted from the air filters collected from poultry farms were grown in the laboratory in media with known isotope values and measured for stable isotope ratios. Analysis of isotope fractionation between microorganisms and their media indicated the applicability of stable isotope analysis in bulk samples for the identification of source material. The analysed examples imply that stable isotope analysis can be used to examine the indoor environment along with its biology and ecology, and serve as an informative bioanalytical tool.     

耦合京津冀气溶胶模式的HJ-1卫星CCD数据大气校正

针对目前HJ-1 CCD大气校正没有考虑中国地区气溶胶模式的问题,提出一种耦合中国地区局部气溶胶模式的大气校正方法。以京津冀地区作为研究区域,该方法对地基北京城区和香河站点反演的气溶胶模式参数进行聚类,得到京津冀地区具有代表性的四类气溶胶模式,并根据四类气溶胶模式来建立查找表进行气溶胶光学厚度的反演。HJ-1 CCD数据没有短波红外波段(2.12 μm),无法采用MODIS的气溶胶算法中获得地表反射率的方法来计算蓝红波段的反射率,本文在气溶胶光学厚度的反演中采用HJ-1卫星的蓝色(0.43~0.52 μm)和红色(0.63~0.69 μm)波段的反射率比值作为误差方程的依据,不需要输入地表目标的反射率。基于反演后的光学厚度对HJ-1 CCD数据进行大气校正,并与ASD光谱辐射计测量数据以及MODIS地表产品数据(MOD09)进行对比。结果表明,该方法得到的大气校正结果与ASD测量结果接近,并与MOD09有较强的相关性,红色波段的平均相关系数达到了0.8以上,受气溶胶影响最大的蓝色波段平均的相关系数也达到了0.75左右。     

MAX-DOAS仪器观测大气Ring效应及对气溶胶参数的敏感性研究

Ring效应是指大气中O₂和N₂分子对太阳光的转动拉曼散射致使太阳夫琅禾费结构变浅(被填充)的现象。大气气溶胶能够改变光子在大气中的光程和大气散射性质,进而影响到光子发生转动拉曼散射的几率(RSP),最终影响填充效应。通过观测RSP在不同气溶胶状态下的变化,可以反演得到气溶胶参量信息。采用地基多轴差分吸收光谱(multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy, MAX-DOAS)方法在晴朗无云天气下对Ring效应进行了观测,并把测量值和模型值进行了对比,两者一致性较好;选取大气辐射传输模型McArtim研究了在不同大气条件下Ring效应对气溶胶参数等的灵敏度,结果表明在大多数测量情况下,气溶胶光学厚度和边界层高度对RSP影响较大,在90°仰角时,AOD从0.1增加到1,RSP减少了24.6%,边界层高度从1 km增加到3 km,RSP增加了4.4%。研究表明,Ring效应对气溶胶光学厚度和边界层高度较为敏感,这为反演气溶胶的垂直分布提供了一种新方法。     

Aerosol optical properties assessed by an inversion method using the solar principal plane for non-spherical particles

Adequate modeling of light scattering by non-spherical particles is one of the major difficulties in remote sensing of atmospheric aerosols, mainly in desert dust outbreaks. In this paper we test a parameterization of the particle shape in size distribution, single-scattering albedo, phase function and asymmetry parameter retrieval from beam and sky-radiance measurements, based on the model Skyrad.pack, taking into account the principal plane measurements configuration. The method is applied under different Saharan dust outbreaks. We compare the results with those obtained by the almucantar measurements configuration. The results obtained by both methodologies agree and make possible to extend the parameter retrieval to smaller zenith angles than that used in the retrieval from almucantar geometries.