吸热型碳氢燃料热沉测定装置研究

根据傅立叶定律径向系统的一维传热模型结合Tian's方程建立了一套高温流动型热量计,用于吸热型碳氢燃料的热沉测定和引发剂筛选;考察了系统的热稳定性能,用电标定的方法对仪器在500、550、600、650、700、750、800 ℃时的量热系数进行了标定,绘制了正庚烷在800 ℃、载气流速为0.04 m3/h条件下热裂解的热谱曲线,以正庚烷为模型化合物测定了其热沉.实验证明仪器基线稳定,数据可靠,复现性能良好,有较高的灵敏度和测量精度,能够满足实验需要和工作要求.     

About models and methods to describe chip-calorimeters and determine sample properties from the measured signal

Different models used to describe chip-calorimeters and to simulate their thermal behavior are presented together with the physical basics of heat transfer. Different methods to deconvolute the measured signals are explained. One model example for a certain chip-calorimeter is given in more detail to show the procedure.     

Condition for adiabatic passage in the earth’s-field NMR technique

The equation of motion dM/dt=γ M×B(t) is solved for the case B(t)=jB_p(t)+kB_e. The field B_e is a small static field, typically the earth’s field. The field B_p(t) decays exponentially toward zero with time constant T. This decay is produced by an overdamped switching transient that occurs near the end of the rapid cutoff of the coil current used to polarize the sample. It is assumed that B_p is initially large compared to B_e, and that magnetization M is initially along the resultant field B. Exact solutions are obtained numerically for several decay time constants of B_p, and the motion of M is depicted graphically. It is found that for adiabatic passage, the final cone angle β of the precession in field B_e is related to the decay time constant of B_p by β=2e^{−(π/2)ω_eT}. This is confirmed by measurements of the amplitudes of the ensuing free-precession signals for various decay rates of B_p. Near-perfect adiabatic passage (magnetization aligned within 2° of the earth’s field) can be achieved for time constants T2.6/ω_e. For the case of sudden passage, an approximate analytic solution is developed by linearizing the equation of motion in the laboratory frame of reference. For the adiabatic case, an approximate analytic solution is obtained by linearizing the equation of motion in a rotating frame of reference that follows the resultant field B=B_p+B_e.     

水基契伦科夫量能器单元的蒙特卡罗模拟

详细描述了作为中微子探测器的水基契伦科夫量能器单元的结构,并用GEANT4软件包对水箱单元契伦科夫光的光学过程做了仔细的蒙特卡罗模拟,结果显示水箱的设计是合理的,且此结果对探测器设计与优化具有重要意义.     

Heat loss corrections for heat capacity flow calorimeters

A single equation describes all linear thermal models for the heat losses in heat capacity flow calorimeters. This equation is used to correct for heat losses by extrapolating the apparent heat capacity to the zero value of a modified reciprocal flow rate. The method, which does not require an auxiliary pump, has been successfully tested for aqueous sodium chloride solutions to 300.8°C, with the derived apparent molar heat capacities being in agreement with literature values. Aqueous solutions of 2-methylpropan-2-ol (t-butanol) gave anomalous results requiring further investigation. Two other correction methods are both consistent with the new method but apply less generally and require care in the evaluation of the correction factors.     

Modulated Fourier Expansions of Highly Oscillatory Differential Equations

Modulated Fourier expansions are developed as a tool for gaining insight into the long-time behavior of Hamiltonian systems with highly oscillatory solutions. Particle systems of Fermi–Pasta–Ulam type with light and heavy masses are considered as an example. It is shown that the harmonic energy of the highly oscillatory part is nearly conserved over times that are exponentially long in the high frequency. Unlike previous approaches to such problems, the technique used here does not employ nonlinear coordinate transforms and can therefore be extended to the analysis of numerical discretizations.     

Adiabatic Photoreactions of Organic Molecules

An adiabatic photoreaction is a chemical process that occurs entirely on a single excited electronic energy surface. As a rule, most photoreactions of organic molecules start on an excited electronic surface but “jump” to a lower surface somewhere along the reaction coordinate. There are, however, exceptions to this general rule. For example, photoreactions involving small structural changes and minor alterations in covalent bonding (e.g., proton transfer and complex formation) are commonly found to occur adiabatically. The purpose of this review is to survey examples of more complicated adiabatic photoreactions such as fragmentation, electrocyclic rearrangements, and geometrical isomerizations. The concepts employed are presented in an introductory discussion.     

Structural Characterization and Thermal Properties of 1-Amino-1-ethylamino-2,2-dinitroethylene

1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)和乙胺水溶液在92 oC下反应合成出了一种新型含能材料1-氨基-1-乙氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(AEFOX-7). 利用理论计算方法研究了AEFOX-7的分子结构、红外吸收和核磁共振化学位移. 用DSC和TG/DTG研究了AEFOX-7的热行为. 其热行为可分为一个熔化过程和一个紧接的剧烈放热分解过程. 热分解反应的放热焓、表观活化能和指前因子分别为：374.88,169.7 kJ/mol和1019.24 s^-1, 热爆炸的临界温度 是145.2 oC. 采用微量热法和理论计算方法研究了AEFOX-7的比热容,298.15 K时为214.50 J/(mol K).     

Qualitative and quantitative ultrashort echo time (UTE) imaging of cortical bone

We describe the use of two-dimensional ultrashort echo time (2D UTE) sequences with minimum TEs of 8 μs to image and quantify cortical bone on a clinical 3T scanner. An adiabatic inversion pulse was used for long T(2) water and fat signal suppression. Adiabatic inversion prepared UTE acquisitions with varying TEs were used for T(2) measurement. Saturation recovery UTE acquisitions were used for T(1) measurement. Bone water concentration was measured with the aid of an external reference phantom. UTE techniques were evaluated on cadaveric specimens and healthy volunteers. A signal-to-noise ratio of around 30, contrast-to-noise ratio of around 27/20 between bone and muscle/fat were achieved in tibia in vivo with a nominal voxel size of 0.23 × 0.23 × 6.0 mm(3) in a scan time of 5 min. A mean T(1) of 223 ± 11 ms and mean T(2) of 390 ± 19 μs were found. Mean bone water concentrations of 23.3 ± 1.6% with UTE and 21.7 ± 1.3% with adiabatic inversion prepared UTE sequences were found in tibia in five normal volunteers. The results show that in vivo qualitative and quantitative evaluation of cortical bone is feasible with 2D UTE sequences.     

Investigation on the undercooling and crystallization of pure aluminum melt by DSC

The undercooling of pure aluminum melt was in situ investigated by differential scanning calorimeter with flux processing technique in this study. The highest undercooling of pure aluminum with 17.8 K was obtained as the thermal treatment temperature of the melt being 1033 K and the cooling rate being 50 K min^?1. When cooling rate is fixed, the undercooling depends on the melt processing temperature, and increases rapidly at the first stage. The effects of thermal treatment temperature and cooling rates on the undercooling are discussed in this article.