Measurement of the K X-ray absorption jump factors and jump ratios of Gd, Dy, Ho and Er by attenuation of a Compton peak

The X-ray absorption jump factor and jump ratio of Gd, Dy, Ho and Er were measured with a Si(Li) detector by attenuation, with Gd, Dy, Ho and Er foil, a Compton peak produced by the scattering of the Am-241 Gamma rays. Al was chosen as secondary exciter. The experimental absorption jump factors and jump ratios are compared with the theoretical estimates of WinXcom (Radiat. Phys. Chem. 60 (2001) 23), McMaster (Compilation of X-ray cross sections UCRL-50174, 1969; Sec. II. Rev. I), Broll (X-ray Spectrom 15 (1986) 271), Hubbel and Seltzer (NISTIR (1995) 5632) and Budak (Radiat. Meas. accepted for publication). The present results constitute the first measurement for this combination of energy and elements, and good agreement is obtained between experiment and theory.     

用传递矩阵法预测单层或多层微孔板的吸声性能

提出用实验测得含不同孔径孔的微孔板声阻抗率来预测由其形成的单层或多层微孔板的吸声特性，并用传递矩阵法来预测该微孔板的各种组合结构的整体吸声性能。采用该方法获得的微孔板吸声性能曲线与实测结果相当接近，能较好地预测各种组合微孔板的吸声性能。表明传递矩阵法是预测较复杂形式微孔板结构吸声性能的一种有效的方法。     

Acoustic Analysis Findings in Objective Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Patients

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the effects of objective laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) on the acoustic parameters of patients by comparing their voice samples with that of control subjects. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study in two tertiary reference hospitals. METHODS: 48 consecutive patients with symptoms related to LPR and 64 control subjects were included in the study. Suspected LPR patients underwent a 24-hour ambulatory pH monitoring, and 25 (52%) of them were shown to have objective LPR. Acoustical evaluation results of objective LPR patients were compared with that of symptomatic LPR patients and control subjects. RESULTS: All frequency perturbation values obtained from objective and symptomatic LPR patients were higher than the control subjects (P<0.01). Mean fundamental frequency, amplitude perturbation measures, and noise-to-harmonics ratio were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSION: LPR patients have significantly different frequency perturbation values than control subjects.     

Modal attenuation in metal-clad graded-index slab optical waveguides

The paper presents the influence of refractive profile shape on the distribution of modal attenuation in planar metal-clad optical waveguide structures. A calculation method has been presented in which we applied the Snyder–Love expression on modal attenuation coefficients and matrix method 4 × 4 for the analysis of planar waveguides. The obtained results are almost identical with the exact results for refractive profiles: the parabolic, exponential, Gaussian and linear ones. It has been demonstrated that the applied calculation method can be used in waveguides of any profiles of the refractive index.     

Ultrasonic characterization of heavy metal TeO2–WO3–PbO glasses below room temperature

The longitudinal ultrasonic attenuation measurements have been made using pulse echo method at fundamental frequencies of 2, 4, 6 and 8 MHz in 20WO₃–(80−x) TeO₂–xPbO ternary tellurite glasses (x=10, 12.5, 15, 17.5 and 20 mol%) in the temperature range 160–280 K. The results showed the presence of a broad peak which shifts to higher temperature with increasing frequency. The ultrasonic attenuation peaks suggest that the experimental behavior is controlled by thermally activated structural relaxations. The internal friction, acoustic activation energy, deformation potential, relaxation strength, number of loss centers and density of state have been calculated both as a function of temperature and PbO content. The acoustic activation energy was found to decrease from 0.156 to 0.135 eV with the increase of PbO content. The results showed that both the number of loss centers and their activation energy decrease with the atomic ring size. An increase in the density of state is observed with addition of PbO content at the same frequency in the whole range of temperature which is associated with structural units formed when PbO is added.     

Reduction of acoustic radiation by perforated board and honeycomb layer systems

A perforated system, proposed previously for reducing the radiated sound from a plate at arbitrary frequencies, is applied to three-dimensional problem. Plates are assumed to be supported in a duct of a finite cross-section and excited by a harmonic point force. The sound radiation is investigated from the viewpoint of acoustic power and it is discussed whether the attenuation effect shown previously in the one-dimensional system can be obtained with the three-dimensional system. The effect of support conditions on attenuation characteristics is discussed by using clamped and simply supported circular models. Allowing for the effect, a simply supported rectangular model is studied in detail and its problems are revealed. In order to overcome the problems, a new system including subdivided air cavities in the form of a honeycomb layer instead of a undivided backing cavity is proposed. Each of the honeycomb cells can create local one-dimensional sound fields. Calculated theoretical results are compared to data obtained in a 1/5th scale reverberation chamber. The results for the reduction effect, which are in good agreement, show that the honeycomb layer system can achieve the same reduction of the radiated sound power at arbitrary frequencies as the one-dimensional perforated system.     

The identification of tyre induced vehicle interior noise

Sound transmission into a vehicle is classified as either airborne or structure borne sound. From the point view of noise control, the reduction of noise transferred by different paths requires different solutions. Coherence function analysis is often used to identify transmission paths. However it can be difficult to separate the airborne from structure borne components. The principle of acoustic reciprocity offers a convenient method for overcoming this difficulty. The principal states that the transfer function between an acoustic volume velocity source and an acoustic receiver is independent of a reversal of the position of source and receiver. The work done on this study involves exciting a stationary tyre and measuring the surface velocity of the tyre at a number of discrete points. The acoustic transfer functions between each point on the tyre and a receiver point are measured reciprocally. Two sets of measurements are then combined to yield a measure of the sound pressure due to a point force on the tyre via the acoustic transmission path only. This technique also provides information on the relative contributions of various regions of the tyre wall to the resultant noise. Also the sound radiation characteristics, the horn effect, and resonance at the wheel housing are identified through the reciprocal measurement.     

A study of sound intensity control for active noise barriers

Active noise control systems have been applied to increase the insertion loss of noise barriers where the squared sound pressure or the total acoustic energy density is used as the cost function in previous works. The absolute value of the mean active sound intensity is chosen as the cost function to obtain extra sound insertion loss in the dark area of a hybrid active noise barrier system in this note. The strategy of minimizing the near-field sound intensity at discrete locations along the edge of the passive barrier is shown to be able to provide better far-field noise reduction than that of minimizing the squared sound pressure control. Both numerical simulations and off-line experiments are carried out with a three-channel demonstration system, where the locations of the secondary sources and the error sensors are optimized and comparisons are made between the extra sound pressure attenuation of the sound intensity control and that of the squared sound pressure control.