降解前后异枝麒麟菜硫酸多糖对草酸钙晶体生长的调控作用

采用过氧化氢法降解产于印尼的海藻异枝麒麟菜硫酸多糖(ESPS). 降解前ESPS的平均分子量为1410000, 硫酸基(OSO2-3)含量为16.0%(w); 而降解后其分子量显著下降至4819, 硫酸基含量则略微下降至15.2%. 采用体外模拟方法研究了降解前后ESPS对草酸钙晶体生长的抑制作用. 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明, 降解后ESPS能使一水草酸钙(COM)晶体数量进一步减少, 晶粒尺寸进一步减小. 当降解ESPS浓度从0.006 g·L-1分别增加到0.010 和0.050 g·L-1时, COM晶体平均尺寸由11.5 μm×2.9 μm分别减小到9.2 μm×2.9μm 和6.0 μm×2.5 μm, 晶体数量由3357 mm-2分别减少到2298和1532 mm-2, COM 的(101)面衍射峰强度I(101)与(010)面对应的(020)衍射峰强度I(020)之比(I(101)/I(020))由5.54 分别增加到16.2 和20.0. 结果显示, 具有小分子量的降解ESPS对草酸钙晶体成核与生长的抑制效果明显优于大分子量的未降解ESPS.     

高效液相色谱法分析生漆多糖中的单糖组成

采用μ－ＢｏｎｄａｐａｋＮＨ２ＴＭ色谱柱,以乙腈∶水∶甲醇（７０∶２５∶５,Ｖ／Ｖ）为流动相,利用示差折光检测器的高效液相色谱法对湖北毛坝大木、毛坝小木和建始３种生漆中漆多糖的单糖组成成分进行了直接分离分析,方法简便、快速、重现性好,回收率在９８．８％～１０３．６％之间,相对标准偏差在５％以下。     

多糖类免疫调节剂的研究和应用

本文综述了从自然界分离出来的多糖的研究进展、存在问题和应用前景。讨论了多糖的免疫调节特性和作用、多糖的结构与功能以及它们的应用。     

分光光度法在制备负载型多糖吸附污水中铅的应用

本文用不同活性炭制备了负载型多糖（活性炭改良）,多糖的负载率用硫酸苯酚法测定,标准曲线回归方程为Y=0.005906X+0.1234（ r=0.9998）,RSD为0.7%,线性范围为5~50.0mg/L,耶壳活性炭多糖负载率最高为65.71%。用自制负载型多糖清除污水中的铅,以甲基百里香酚蓝为显色剂,用光度法测定铅吸附率,测定条件为,室温、波长为610nm、甲醇为增敏剂、pH为6、显色剂用量为1.5mg/L,反应时间50min,方法的标准曲线回归方程为Y=0.0682X+0.1825（r=0.9999）,线性范围为0～8.0mg/L。平均6次的检出限为0.2mg/L,加标回收率在96.8%～102.3%,RSD为0.39%～3.2%,同时作了共存离子的干扰。结果不同负载型多糖对铅离子的吸附不同,其中椰壳活性炭负载多糖对铅的吸附最大为28.61%,比相应活性炭对铅的吸附高了16.08%。将多糖负载在活性炭上,可明显提高对铅离子的吸附,所以该研究为清除实际污水乃至土壤中的铅提供依据。     

Effects of the thermal history and concentration on the aggregation of Erwinia gum in an aqueous solution

The aggregation of Erwinia (E) gum in a 0.2 M NaCl aqueous solution was investigated by multi‐angle laser light scattering and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) combined with light scattering. The GPC chromatograms of five fractions contained two peaks; the fractions had the same elution volume but different peak areas, suggesting that aggregates and single chains coexisted in the solution at 25 °C. The apparent weight‐average molecular weights (M_w) of the aggregates and single chains for each fraction were all about 2.1 × 10⁶ and 7.8 × 10⁴, respectively. This indicates that the aggregates were composed of about 27 molecules of E gum in the concentration range used (1.0 × 10⁻⁶ to 5.0 × 10⁻⁴ g/mL). The weight fraction of the aggregates (w_ag) increased with increasing concentration, but the aggregates still existed even in an extremely dilute solution. The fractionation process and polymer concentration hardly affected the apparent aggregation number but significantly changed w_ag. The E‐gum M_w decreased sharply with an increase in temperature. When the E‐gum solution was kept at 100 °C, w_ag decreased sharply for 20 h and leveled off after 100 h. Once the aggregates were decomposed at a higher temperature, no aggregation was observed in the solution at 25 °C, indicating that the aggregation was irreversible. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 1352–1358, 2000     

Enzymatic polymerization: A new method of polymer synthesis

Enzymatic polymerization denotes an in vitro polymerization via nonbiosynthetic pathways catalyzed by an isolated enzyme. This article describes the recent progress of this polymerization technique, developed mainly during this decade. The polymerization utilizes enzymes of hydrolases and oxidoreductases as catalysts. This new method of polymer synthesis provided natural polysaccharides like cellulose, amylose, xylan, and chitin, and unnatural polysaccharides catalyzed by a glycosidase from well-designed monomers, various functionalized polyesters catalyzed by lipase from a variety of monomers, and polyaromatics materials catalyzed by an oxidoreductase and an enzyme model complex from phenols and anilines. An oxidoreductase also initiated vinyl polymerizations. Characteristic features of enzymatic polymerizations are discussed, including the importance of the combination of substrate monomer and enzyme. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 3041–3056, 1999     

Effect of vinegar steaming on the composition and structure of Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide and its anti-colitis activity

In this study, infrared spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) technology were applied to systematically explain the Schisandra chinensis’s polysaccharide transformation in configuration, molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and anti-ulcerative colitis (UC) activity after vinegar processing. Scanning electron microscopic results showed that the appearance of S. chinensis polysaccharide changed significantly after steaming with vinegar. The MALDI-TOF-MS results showed that the mass spectra of raw S. chinensis polysaccharides (RSCP) were slightly lower than those of vinegar-processed S. chinensis polysaccharides (VSCP). The RSCP showed higher peaks at m/z 1350.790, 2016.796, and 2665.985, all with left-skewed distribution, and the molecular weights were concentrated in the range of 1300–3100, with no higher peak above m/z 5000. The VSCPs showed a whole band below m/z 3000, with m/z 1021.096 being the highest peak, and the intensity decreased with the increase of m/z. In addition, compared to RSCPs, VSCPs can significantly increase the content of intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This study showed that the apparent morphology and molecular weight of S. chinensis’s polysaccharides significantly changed after steaming with vinegar. These changes directly affect its anti-UC effect significantly, and its mechanism is closely related to improving the structure and diversity of gut microbiota and SCFA metabolism.     

蛋白质与高分子的自组装

蛋白质是一类具有独特三维空间结构的生物高分子,其分子内部非共价键协同作用是形成三维空间结构的重要驱动力。同时,蛋白质分子与其他高分子之间也可以通过非共价键作用实现自组装。高分子链和蛋白质的结构特征是实现自组装的关键,溶液pH值、离子强度以及温度的变化会影响它们之间非共价键作用的类型和强度。本文归纳了水溶性高分子、嵌段共聚物和多糖与球状蛋白自组装的最新研究进展,分别从分子结构特征和溶液性质等因素讨论了其对高分子与蛋白质实现自组装的影响。其中,多糖与蛋白质的非共价键作用是化学与生物科学交叉领域最为活跃的研究课题之一,通过研究蛋白质与其他高分子的非共价键作用,对于理解和认识生命过程的本质与规律具有重要的意义,同时,在材料科学、纳米技术、食品科学等相关领域具有重要的应用价值。     

Multimode ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharides from maca (Lepidium meyenii): Optimization,purification, and in vitro immunoregulatory activity

This study evaluates the effect of multimodal ultrasound on the extraction efficiency and immunoregulatory activity of polysaccharides from Lepidium meyenii Walp. (LMP). The separation and purification of maca polysaccharides were investigated by the DEAE-52 cellulose column, and the monosaccharide compositions were identified by HPGPC. Their immune activity was analyzed by the secretion of cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) from RAW 264.7 macrophage. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were energy aggregation alternation dual-frequency ultrasound (EADU) with frequency combinations of 20/35, extraction time of 15 min, material/water ratio of 1:10 g/mL, ultrasonic power intensity of 150 W/L, intermittent time ratio of 4 s/3 s, and extraction temperature of 50 ℃. The extraction rates of purified polysaccharides (US3) increased by 44.90%. The LMP extracted by EADU contained arabinose, galactose, and glucose in the molar ratios of 2.9:2.72:5.05. In addition, US3 promoted the release of TNF-α and IL-6 from RAW 264.7 better than RS3 (purified polysaccharides extracted by hot water), which indicated that US3 exerted remarkable immune activity. It could be an excellent functional additive in food or medicine.     

修复前后Vero细胞调控草酸钙晶体生长的差异

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和流式细胞仪等多种方法研究了降解大豆多糖(SPS)对损伤的非洲绿猴肾上皮细胞(Vero)的修复作用;研究了修复前后Vero调控草酸钙(CaOxa)晶体形成的差异。经H2O2氧化损伤的Vero在被SPS修复后,其细胞活力、细胞外SOD活性及细胞内线粒体膜电位均增加,细胞形态逐渐恢复到接近正常细胞。在诱导草酸钙(CaOxa)晶体生长过程中,修复细胞可以减少棱角尖锐的一水草酸钙(COM)晶体生成,诱导更多的二水草酸钙(COD)晶体。三种状态Vero诱导的晶体尺寸从小到大顺序为:正常细胞<修复细胞<损伤细胞。本文结果表明,降解大豆多糖可以修复受损伤的Vero细胞,降低肾结石形成的危险性,提示SPS有可能是一种潜在的绿色防石药物。