Multivariate analysis of nutritional information of foodstuff of plant origin for the selection of representative matrices for the analysis of pesticide residues

Testing safety of foodstuffs of plant origin involves the analysis of hundreds of pesticide residues. This control is only cost-effective through the use of methods validated for the analysis of many thousands of analyte/matrix combinations. Several documents propose representative matrices of groups of matrices from which the validity of the analytical method can be extrapolated to the represented matrices after summarised experimental check of within group method performance homogeneity. Those groups are based on an evolved expert consensus based on the empirical knowledge on the current analytical procedures; they are not exhaustive, they are not objectively defined and they propose a large list of representative matrices which makes their application difficult. This work proposes grouping 240 matrices, based on the nutritional composition pattern equivalence of the analytical portion right after hydration and before solvent extraction, aiming at defining groups that observe method performance homogeneity. This grouping was based on the combined outcome of three multivariate tools, namely: Principal Component Analysis, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and K-Mean Cluster Analysis. These tools allowed the selection of eight groups for which representative matrices with average characteristics and objective criteria to test inclusion of new matrices were established. The proposed matrices groups are homogeneous to nutritional data not considered in their definition but correlated with the studied multivariate nutritional pattern. The developed grouping that must be checked with experimental test before use was tested against small deviations in food composition and for the integration of new matrices.     

激光拉曼光谱内标法测定红辣椒表面的农残甲基毒死蜱

利用激光拉曼光谱对蔬菜红辣椒表面的农药甲基毒死蜱模拟残留进行了测定,选择红辣椒中富含的β-胡萝卜素的1444.0cm^-1作为内标信号,与农药甲基毒死蜱本身的649.4cm^-1特征拉曼光谱组成相对光谱强度,结果表明相对光谱强度与农药甲基毒死蜱残留量有着很好的线性关系,其线性关系为R=0.143V+2.023,线性相关系数为0.9895。研究表明利用激光拉曼光谱内标法在特定条件下可用于农药残留的测定。     

Detection of carbamic and organophosphorous pesticides in water samples using a cholinesterase biosensor based on Prussian Blue-modified screen-printed electrode

In the present paper, a comparative study using Co-phthalocyanine and Prussian Blue-modified screen-printed electrodes, has been performed. Both the electrodes have demonstrated an easiness of preparation together with high sensitivity towards thicoholine (LOD = 5 × 10⁻⁷ and 5 × 10⁻⁶ M for Co-phthalocyanine and Prussian Blue, respectively) with high potentialities for pesticide measurement. Prussian Blue-modified screen-printed electrodes were then selected for successive enzyme immobilization due to their higher operative stability demonstrated in previous works. AChE and BChE enzymes were used and inhibition effect of different pesticides was studied with both the enzymes. AChE-based biosensors have demonstrated a higher sensitivity towards aldicarb (50% inhibition with 50 ppb) and carbaryl (50% inhibition with 85 ppb) while BChE biosensors have shown a higher affinity towards paraoxon (50% inhibition with 4 ppb) and chlorpyrifos-methyl oxon (50% inhibition with 1 ppb). Real samples were also tested in order to evaluate the matrix effect and recovery values comprised between 79 and 123% were obtained.     

氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的加压毛细管电色谱法测定

采用加压毛细管电色谱 -紫外检测法 ,建立了速灭威、克百威和残杀威三种氨基甲酸酯类农药的同时分离检测方法。采用反相 C18毛细管电色谱柱 (3μm,2 0 0 mm× 75 μm I.D.) ,以乙腈∶ PBS(5 mmol/ L,p H6 .5 0 ) =30∶ 70 (V/ V)为流动相 ,检测波长 2 2 0 nm,流速 10 0 μL/ min,柱压 6 .9MPa,在电色谱柱末端施加10 .0 k V负电 ,三种物质在 10 min内基线分离。该法用于蔬菜中速灭威、克百威和残杀威的残留分析研究 ,效果令人满意     

A SPME-GC-MS approach for antivarroa and pesticide residues analysis in honey

Summary Results are presented that were obtained independently by two laboratories employing solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) for the analysis of pesticide residues in honey. The compounds Amitraz, Coumaphos, Cymiazole, Bromopropylate and Fluvalinate, used for chemitherapic treatment of beehives and other widely used agricultural insecticides, were extracted using a polydimethylsiloxane fiber of 100 μm thickness. The precision, accuracy, intervals of linearity and detection limits of the methodare discussed. Considering the rapidity and simplicity of this technique and, on the other hand, the difficulties arising from its application to a very complex matrix, SPME can certainly be considered a useful tool for the rapid screening of residues in honey.     

Multiresidue analysis of 16 pesticides in jujube using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry with multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a sorbent

Although jujube is a minor crop and very few pesticides are registered on it, the application of pesticides during the growth stage of jujube is inevitable to control the pests or diseases. This situation has led to pesticide misuse. A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method using a novel sorbent, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, as a dispersive solid‐phase extraction sorbent combined with gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, was developed for the determination of 16 pesticides in jujube. Under the optimized conditions, recoveries of 76.7–112.4% were obtained for the target analytes at three spiked concentration levels. The relative standard deviations ranged from 1.2 to 12.3%. Limits of detection and limits of quantification for 16 pesticides ranged from 1 to 10 and 3 to 30 μg/kg, respectively. The residues of chlorpyrifos, hexaconazole, tebuconazole, and cyhalothrin were detected from samples obtained from the market.     

A multimethod for the determination of 150 pesticide metabolites in surface water and groundwater using direct injection liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

Based on the information available on 293 pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, biocides, growth regulators) 210 pesticide metabolites were selected for inclusion into a multimethod for the analysis of ground and surface water. With the final method 150 pesticide metabolites can be analysed from groundwater and surface water by direct injection-liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry with multiple-reaction monitoring. For most of these metabolites this is the first method published. For all metabolites linear calibration in drinking water was possible, with a lower limit of calibration of 0.1 μg/L achieved for 142 analytes and of 0.01 μg/L for 113 of the analytes. Matrix effects in ground and surface water compared to those in the drinking water were moderate (±20%) for 87% of the analytes. For critical sample/analyte combinations standard addition has to be used for correct quantification. This method allows for an extensive study of the occurrence of previously unknown or undetectable pesticide metabolites in groundwaters and surface waters.     

气相色谱-质谱法检测中药材中81种农药残留

建立气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法测定中药材中81种农药残留的分析方法。样品用含0.1%乙酸的乙腈提取后用GPC或GPC-SPE固相萃取净化,在选择离子监测模式(SIM)下对天麻、杜仲、金银花、山茱萸进行测定。方法在0.01～1.0μg/mL范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999,检出限为6.0～31.9μg/kg,加标回收率为60.8%～128.9%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为7.6%～18.9%(n=6)。该方法操作简便,灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合农药多残留检测技术要求,适用于中药材中81种农药多残留的测定。     

Multiplug filtration clean‐up with multiwalled carbon nanotubes in the analysis of pesticide residues using LC–ESI‐MS/MS

A novel design for a rapid clean‐up method was developed for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables followed by LC–ESI‐MS/MS. The acetonitrile‐based sample extraction technique was used to obtain the extracts, and further clean‐up was carried out by applying the streamlined procedure on a multiplug filtration clean‐up column coupled with a syringe. The sorbent used for clean‐up in this research is multiwalled carbon nanotubes, which was mixed with anhydrous magnesium sulfate to remove water from the extracts. This method was validated on 40 representative pesticides and apple, cabbage, and potato sample matrices spiked at two concentration levels of 10 and 100 μg/kg. It exhibited recoveries between 71 and 117% for most pesticides with RSDs < 15%. Matrix‐matched calibrations were performed with the coefficients of determination >0.995 for most studied pesticides between concentration levels of 10–500 μg/L. The LOQs for 40 pesticides ranged from 2 to 50 μg/kg. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of pesticide residues in market fruit and vegetable samples.     

Study of the Effect of the Interaction Between Kaolin and Surfactant Blend (AOS: APG C12) on the Solubility,Dispersibility, and Wetting Property of the Pesticide Granule

The extensive use of pesticides in agriculture in particular herbicides is a serious environmental threat. There is an urgent need to develop pesticide formulation that combines optimum bioactivity and minimum dosage. In the present article an attempt has been made to design granular formulation of one of the most commonly used herbicide, atrazine (AT). This potent herbicide along with kaolin as the carrier and suitable clay modifiers can be thought as one of the potential way of formulation keeping in view the desired dosage and bioavailability of the same. The process of granule formulation was carried out using the principle of rapid mix granulation. These granule formulations were then compared with the other formulation where the clay was not modified with the help of parameters such as dissolution rate, dispersion stability and wetting time. The study reveals a very positive effect of clay modifications on granules in terms of above mentioned quality parameters.