基于球形颗粒几何排列的离散元试样高效生成方法

在球体离散元数值模拟中,颗粒的初始排列状态是影响计算效率和计算结果的重要环节。本文采用前进面几何构造算法,提出了一种基于网格搜索的球形颗粒随机排列高效算法。通过求解空间三边方程,满足了粒径设置的任意大小的颗粒依次置入前进面的外侧,并与构成前进面的三个颗粒相互接触。为获得高体积分数的颗粒簇,该算法允许颗粒改变其粒径大小。采用颗粒网格化方法可以简化前进面的搜索,并由此提高排列效率。通过计算平均配位数、体积分数和二阶结构张量的特征值,对不同粒径比下得到的立方体试样进行了分析,得到试样配位数及体积分数均随着粒径比的增大而增大,且得到的试样为各向同性。此外,空间网格的大小和初始颗粒的生成点对随机排列的效率均会产生显著的影响。最后,对非规则铁路道砟进行了精细构造及压碎模拟,发现DEM模拟得到的应力-应变曲线与试验结果基本吻合,验证了该算法得到的颗粒试样在模拟道砟裂纹起裂、扩展等过程的有效性。     

TENSILE STRENGTH FOR SPLITTING FAILURE OF BRITTLE PARTICLES WITH CONSIDERATION OF POISSON＇S RATIO

The core mechanism of comminution could be reduced to the breakage of individual particles that occurs through contact with other particles or with the grinding media, or with the solid walls of the mill. When brittle particles are loaded in compression or by impact, substantial tensile stresses are induced within the particles. These tensile stresses are responsible for splitting failure of brittle particles. Since many engineering materials have Poisson‘s ratios very close to 0.3, the influence of Poisson‘s ratio on the tensile strength is neglected in many studies. In this paper, the state of stress in a spherical particle due to two diametrically opposed forces is analyzed theoretically. A simple equation for the tensile stress at the centre of the particle is obtained. It is found reasonable to propose this tensile stress at the instant of failure as the tensile strength of the particle. Moreover, this tensile strength is a function of the Poisson‘s ratio of the material. As the state of stress along the z-axis in an irregular specimen tends to be similar to that in a spherical particle compressed diametrically with the same force, this tensile strength has some validity for irregular particles as well. Therefore, it could be used as the tensile strength for brittle particles in general. The effect of Poisson‘s ratio on the tensile strength is discussed.     

电击法磁性纳米颗粒作为水稻转基因载体的研究

建立了以磁性纳米颗粒为载体,由电击法介导基因导入植物细胞的优化方法。制备了粒径小于10nm的磁性纳米颗粒,与绿色荧光蛋白(Green fluorescent protein,GFP)基因融合制备基因载体,同时,制备水稻悬浮细胞,加入电极杯中,调节电击条件为:电压分别是800,1000和1200V,电容25μF,电阻200Ω,直径10mm,电击数次。利用倒置荧光显微镜观察转化后的悬浮细胞,可以明显看到绿色荧光蛋白在水稻细胞内表达。说明纳米颗粒基因载体在电击作用下能有效进入细胞,利用磁性纳米颗粒作为基因载体电击法转化植物细胞初步成功。     

富勒烯半胱氨酸的固相合成与荧光特性

基于氨基与富勒烯之间的加成反应与多肽的固相有机合成,合成了一种单加成富勒烯半胱氨酸(fullerene cystine,Fcy).采用有机溶剂交换法制备了Fcy的纳米颗粒水悬液n-Fcy,并比较了Fcy与n-Fcy的荧光性质.     

纳米磁粉固定化酶催化合成 α-D-葡萄糖-1-磷酸

 建立了以麦芽糊精和磷酸盐为底物, 在常温下合成 α-D-葡萄糖-1-磷酸的生物催化体系. 从大肠杆菌 K12 中克隆表达了麦芽糊精磷酸化酶, 并固定化在氨基修饰的磁性纳米颗粒上, 以便于酶的回收和重复利用. 在优化的反应条件下, 于 200 ml 体系中连续使用该固定化酶 8 批次, 催化合成了 α-D-葡萄糖-1-磷酸. 经过简单的纯化步骤, 最终得到 440 mg 产品, 分离产率为 70.5%.     

非磁性纳米SiO_2颗粒在磁场流化床中的流态化

研究了非磁性纳米SiO2颗粒在添加磁性大颗粒磁场流化床中的流化性能。磁性大颗粒的添加量在20%～60%(wt)之间,磁感应强度的大小分别为0.0477、0.0596、0.0715 T。实验中通过测定床层膨胀曲线、床层压降曲线,详细地考察了磁性大颗粒的添加量、磁感应强度及气速的大小对纳米SiO2颗粒流化性能的影响。结果表明:把磁场能引入普通流化床中之后,加入的磁性粗颗粒能够有效地破碎纳米SiO2床层中的活塞、沟流和大聚团,降低最小流化速度,且在最小流化速度时无气泡,使床层膨胀比增加,提高床层的整体流化质量;在流化颗粒相中,磁场能的加入还可以保持床层的稳定性,维持流态化所需的气体体积。     

北京已建20家超级细菌监测网细化监测网点

针对我国发现的3例“超级细菌”病例,目前北京市已经将细菌监测网点增至20家并进一步细化监测。一旦发现对抗生素免疫的“超级细菌”,将及时调整该种抗生素的使用情况。我国10月27日报告已发现3例超级细菌（NDM-1耐药基因细菌）病例。对此,北大临床药理研究所常务副所长吕媛介绍,北京市已建设细菌监测网。目前哨点医院已从19家增加至20家。     

Cluster Model for Wave-Like Motions of a 2D Vertically Vibrated Granular System

The fact that trapezoid clusters exist in 2D vertically vibrated granular systems leads us to construct a cluster model, in which wave-like motions are explained as the result of cluster-plate and cluster-cluster collisions. By analyzing the collision of one cluster with the plate in detail, we deduce a basic equation from velocity relationship, which could be separated into two correlative equations： one relates wave-like motion with exciting acceleration, and we call it the excitation condition; the other relates wavelength with exciting frequency, viz., the dispersion relation. The theoretical results are in agreement with the experimental ones, which supports the idea of the cluster model. Moreover, from the cluster model, we also predict a possibility of abnormal dispersion relation of a 213 granular system.     

Influence of Substrate on the Transportation Properties of Co/Alq3 Granular Films on a Si Wafer

A series of Co0.48 （Alq3）0.52 granular films were deposited on silicon substrates using the co-evaporating technique. A crossover of magnetoresistance （MR） from negative to positive was observed in the samples, due to conducting channel switching. The transport properties of samples are greatly influenced by hydrofluoric acid pretreatment, as a result, positive MR decreases drastically and the temperature dependence of resistance changes a lot near room temperature. The result indicates that the native oxide layer plays an important role in the transport mechanism. Moreover, different resistivities of Si substrates influence the current distribution of conducting channels, leading to different transport behaviors accordingly.     

SnO_2/中空洋葱状碳纳米复合材料的制备及电化学性能

以炭黑为原料,硝酸铁为催化剂前驱体,氮气气氛下1000℃高温炭化制备了直径为40nm的中空洋葱状碳纳米颗粒(OC).用SnCl2/乙醇溶液浸渍,空气中350℃氧化得到SnO2/OC复合材料.进一步对该复合材料进行酸处理制备OC包覆的SnO2电极材料.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和热失重分析(TGA)对OC和SnO2/OC复合材料进行表征;利用恒电流充放电和循环伏安(CV)方法对复合材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能进行表征.结果表明:酸处理后的复合材料的循环性能得到明显改善,50次循环后可逆容量保持为446mAh·g-1,OC起到了缓冲SnO2膨胀和阻止团聚的作用.