甘氨酸衍生物对油酸钠胶束化的影响

以N,N-二甲基甘氨酸甲酯为原料合成了两种甘氨酸衍生物,碘化N,N,N-三甲基甘氨酸甲酯(GE)和碘化N,N,N-三甲基甘氨酸钠盐(SG),并利用电导法研究了稀浓度的GE、SG对油酸钠(NaOA)胶束化的影响.结果表明,随着反离子GE、SG浓度的增加,NaOA/GE或SG体系的临界胶束浓度(cmc)、反离子解离度(α)、胶束化自由能(#Gmic)逐渐降低.通过分析这两种反离子的分子结构,我们得出反离子的疏水性是影响这些热力学参数变化的主要因素,疏水性较强的GE更有利于油酸钠胶束的形成.     

基于经验模态分解的SO_2浓度检测信号处理方法

荧光法测量SO2浓度是大气监测中常用的检测手段.双光路技术可以消除光源和光路的噪音干扰,但光电转换器件在激发光照射下产生的背景噪音也会影响定量分析的准确度.本文采用经验模态分解滤波算法降低检测中存在的各种噪音,在实现有效降噪的基础上较好地保存了有用的原始信号.仿真结果表明,针对SO2浓度检测系统,利用经验模态分解去噪后信号的信噪比达到204.273 6,均方误差为0.007 0.与小波去噪法相比,经验模态分解检测效果更佳.最后将经两组不同方法处理后的信号应用于气体检测系统中,实验数据的线性关系更好地验证了经验模态分解方法应用到浓度检测系统的可行性.     

大视场紫外告警相机光学系统研究与设计

为了提高紫外探测器系统的信噪比,确保紫外告警相机的低虚警率,分析与研究了大视场紫外光学系统的结构型式,采用反远距、准像方远心光路,实现了大视场光学系统的像差校正,使系统具有优良的成像质量及均匀的像面照度.设计了波段范围为0.254~0.272μm、视场角为110°、相对孔径为1/3的光学系统.系统成像质量良好,畸变小,像面照度均匀.成像质量分析结果表明:全视场最大弥散斑半径小于53.7μm,轴上、轴外视场像面照度均匀性小于15%,0.85视场的相对畸变小于20%,满足紫外告警相机的使用要求.     

超导与规范对称性,希格斯机制与希格斯粒子——电磁学与电动力学中的超导Ⅱ

本文是文献[1]和[2]联合的后继文章,在文中我们依据电磁学和电动力学中的麦克斯韦方程组建立了有质量光子导致导体中的超导现象这一事实的规范不变描写,文献[1]的结果是目前理论选取洛伦兹规范的特殊情形.我们发现在这种规范不变的理论中存在一个零质量的标量场,它可以和规范势的纵向分量相互转化.这正是文献[2]所介绍的2013年诺贝尔物理学奖中著名的希格斯机制,即规范粒子吃掉Goldstone玻色子而产生纵向分量,因而获得质量.这个新引进的零质量标量场对应量子场论中激发Goldstone玻色子的标量场,它可以被看成是一个更一般的两分量复标量场的相角分量.而此推广的复标量场的常数模分量可以被看成是另一个动力学场——希格斯场的真空期望值.希格斯场的激发是希格斯粒子,即所谓上帝的粒子;而光子的质量则起源于希格斯场的真空期望值.     

2013年诺贝尔物理学奖

什么是质量及其起源？为什么希格斯粒于的发现对此次诺贝尔奖工作那么重要？此次诺贝尔工作所涉及的亚原子粒子质量起源的物理机制又是什么意思？     

Experimental study of continuous-wave and Q-switched laser performances of Ho:YVO4 crystal

In this letter, we report a Ho:YVO4 laser pumped by a 1.94-μm laser in both continuous-wave(CW)and Q-switched modes. The output performance of the Ho:YVO4 laser is compared with different output coupler transmissions. By use of the output coupler transmissions of T =30%, we obtain the maximum CW output power of 3.9 W at 2052 nm, with beam quality factor of M2=1.09 for the absorbed pump power of 12.5 W. For the Q-switched mode, we achieve maximum output energy per pulse of 0.38 mJ and the minimum pulse width of 25 ns, corresponding to the peak power of 15.2 kW.     

Low-power-pumped high-efficiency frequency doubling at 397.5 nm in a ring cavity

We report low pump power high-efficiency frequency doubling of a fundamental laser beam at 795 nm, corresponding to the rubidium D1 line, to generate UV light at 397.5 nm using a periodically poled KTi OPO4（PPKTP） crystal in a ring cavity. We obtain maximum stable output power of 49 m W for mode-matching pump power of 110 m W, corresponding to 45% raw efficiency（56% net efficiency when considering the output coupling mirror’s 80% transmission）. This is the highest efficiency obtained at this wavelength in PPKTP with such low pump power. We obtain 80% beam coupling efficiency to single-mode fiber, demonstrating high beam quality.     

Supercontinuum generation in a standard single-mode fiber by a Q-switched Tm,Ho:YVO4 laser

Broadband mid-infrared(IR) supercontinuum laser is generated in standard single-mode fiber-28 directly pumped by a 2054 nm nanosecond Q-switched Tm,Ho:YVO4 laser. The average output powers of 0.53 W in the ~1.95–2.5 μm spectral band and 0.65 W in the ~1.97–2.45 μm spectral band are achieved at pulse rate frequencies of 7 and 10 kHz, and the corresponding optic-to-optic conversion efficiencies are 34.6% and 42.4% by considering the coupling efficiency. The output spectra have extremely high flatness in the range 2060–2400 and 2060–2360 nm with negligible intensity variation(2%), respectively. The output pulse shape is not split, and pulse width is reduced from 29 to ~15.4 ns. The beam quality factor M2 is 1.06, measured using traveling knife-edge method, and the laser beam spot is also monitored by an IR vidicon camera.     

Narrowband optical parametric amplifier for efficient conversion of high-energy pulse with high beam quality

In a two-stage optical parametric amplifier based on KTiOAO4 crystals, we apply beam-overlapping technique to nanosecond signal pulse amplification, which results in high conversion efficiency and good beam quality. A signal pulse energy of 66 mJ at 1.572 μm wavelength is generated with 220 mJ of pump pulse input. A maximum gain of 66 and a maximum pump depletion of as high as 44% are determined. The spectral linewidth of the amplified signal pulse is around 50 MHz, and the beam quality factor of M 2 is less than 2.3.     

Novel method for simultaneous measurement of film thickness and mass fraction of urea–water solution

Quantitative knowledge of the film thickness and mass fraction of the urea-water solution is very crucial in many practical applications. Film thickness or mass fraction can only be determined individually by conventional measurement techniques. We develop a novel measurement method to measure the film thickness and mass fraction of ure~water solution simultaneously. The absorption coefficients of urea-water solution （5 50 wt%） are measured, a pair of optimized wavelengths is then chosen to achieve high measurement sensitivity. Cross validation is also performed and uncertainties of the technique are smaller than 0.68% for thickness measurements and 1.86% for mass fractions.