壳聚糖辐射效应的研究（Ⅰ）──辐照剂量与分子量的关系及辐射裂解的G（S）值

通过粘度的测量，考察了壳聚糖在不同条件下经不同剂量γ射线辐照所引起的分子量的变化，并分别计算了真空和空气中壳聚糖辐射裂解的Ｇ（Ｓ）值。     

不同脱铝深度稀土超稳Y沸石的催化性能的研究

本文选择正庚烷、正十六烷、环己烯和α-甲基萘作为探针分子考察了四种脱铝深度的稀土超稳Y沸石对短链烃、长链烃、单环烯烃和多环芳烃的催化性能,同时将催化性能与稀土超稳Y沸石的酸性关联起来。结果表明:四种沸石对各种探针分子的裂解活性依次为正十六烷>正庚烷>α-甲基萘>环己烯。对单个探针反应,除REUSY-38外,其余样品的裂解活性和选择性均与骨架铝有关而与非骨架铝无关;裂解活性随(N_(AI))_E的减少,酸强度的增加而增加,即REUSY-2>REUSY-2m>REUSY-1。反应温度的升高和脱铝深度的加深,都会导致探针反应的裂解深度的增加。     

生物油催化裂解转化制取三苯

通过不同孔特征的分子筛(HZSM-5、HY沸石和MCM-41)实现生物油催化转化为三苯(苯、甲苯和对甲苯). 基于三苯的产率和选择性,芳香化合物逐次降低顺序为: HZSM-5>MCM-41>HY沸石.用HZSM-5催化裂解生物油产生芳香化合物的最大产率为33.1%,选择性为86.4%. 研究了反应条件对生物油催化裂解的影响,结合催化剂表征结果,讨论了催化剂的结构与性能之间的关系.     

煤油裂解产物/空气与煤油/空气在宽温度范围内点火延迟的对比研究

Kerosene is an ideal endothermic hydrocarbon. Its pyrolysis plays a significant role in the thermal protection for high-speed aircraft. Before it reacts, kerosene experiences thermal decomposition in the heat exchanger and produces cracked products. Thus, to use cracked kerosene instead of pure kerosene, knowledge of their ignition properties is needed. In this study, ignition delay times of cracked kerosene/air and kerosene/air were measured in a heated shock tube at temperatures of 657–1333 K, an equivalence ratio of 1.0, and pressures of 1.01 × 10⁵–10.10 × 10⁵ Pa. Ignition delay time was defined as the time interval between the arrival of the reflected shock and the occurrence of the steepest rise of excited-state CH species (CH*) emission at the sidewall measurement location. Pure helium was used as the driver gas for high-temperature measurements in which test times needed to be shorter than 1.5 ms, and tailored mixtures of He/Ar were used when test times could reach up to 15 ms. Arrhenius-type formulas for the relationship between ignition delay time and ignition conditions (temperature and pressure) were obtained by correlating the measured high-temperature data of both fuels. The results reveal that the ignition delay times of both fuels are close, and an increase in the pressure or temperature causes a decrease in the ignition delay time in the high-temperature region (> 1000 K). Both fuels exhibit similar high-temperature ignition delay properties, because they have close pressure exponents (cracked kerosene: τ_ign∝P^-0.85; kerosene:τ_ign∝P^-0.83) and global activation energies (cracked kerosene: E_a = 143.37 kJ·mol^-1; kerosene: E_a = 144.29 kJ·mol^-1). However, in the low-temperature region (< 1000 K), ignition delay characteristics are quite different. For cracked kerosene/air, while the decrease in the temperature still results in an increase in the ignition delay time, the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) of ignition delay does not occur, and the low-temperature ignition data still can be correlated by an Arrhenius-type formula with a much smaller global activation energy compared to that at high temperatures. However, for kerosene/air, this NTC phenomenon was observed, and the Arrhenius-type formula fails to correlate its low-temperature ignition data. At temperatures ranging from 830 to 1000 K, the cracked kerosene ignites faster than the kerosene; at temperatures below 830 K, kerosene ignition delay times become much shorter than those of cracked kerosene. Surrogates for cracked kerosene and kerosene are proposed based on the H/C ratio and average molecular weight in order to simulate ignition delay times for cracked kerosene/air and kerosene/air. The simulation results are in fairly good agreement with current experimental data for the two fuels at high temperatures (> 1000 K). However, in the low-temperature NTC region, the results are in very good agreement with kerosene ignition delay data but disagree with cracked kerosene ignition delay data. The comparison between experimental data and model predictions indicates that refinement of the reaction mechanisms for cracked kerosene and kerosene is needed. These test results are helpful to understand ignition properties of cracked kerosene in developing regenerative cooling technology for high-speed aircraft.     

热裂解处理样品-气相色谱-质谱法应用于聚苯乙烯中聚氯乙烯的定性和定量检测

为了间接减少聚氯乙烯(PVC)中添加剂对环境和人体健康的危害,采用热裂解处理样品-气相色谱-质谱法对聚苯乙烯(PS)中的PVC进行了定性和定量检测。称取聚苯乙烯样品1.0mg置于样品舟中,按单击裂解模式在500℃条件下裂解。在裂解过程中,样品中的PVC首先脱掉其主链上的HCl,然后主链断裂并环化形成苯、苯乙烯、甲苯、茚、萘、苊、芴、蒽等芳香族化合物,裂解产物通过DB-5MS色谱柱分离,并进入质谱分析,得到各裂解产物的指纹谱图。在PVC阳性样品谱图中所得到的样品的裂解峰以及保留时间与PVC标准品所得的相同,可定性判定样品中存在PVC,且PVC的特征裂解峰的丰度比与PVC标准品的裂解峰的丰度比一致,说明样品中不存在干扰PVC测定的物质,此时,可通过测定裂解产物苯对PVC进行定量测定。用自行配制的工作曲线用样品制作工作曲线,测得PVC裂解产物中苯的峰面积与PVC质量在0.5～50μg之间呈线性关系,其检出限(3S/N)为106mg·kg~(-1)。对含PVC 20μg的工作曲线用样品测定6次,计算得相对标准偏差(n=6)为3.6%。对9个PVC阳性样品进行回收试验,测得其回收率在84.0%以上。     

金属筒形谐振振陀螺的电电磁修调调方法

针对金属筒形谐振陀螺的频率修调时,传统的微量去重调质量的方法需要高精度工艺技术,并且无法实现在线的正交控制的问题,提出了一种针对于合金钢谐振子的电磁调刚度方法。首先建立了环形谐振子的刚度修调理论模型,基于该模型,将对准谐振环的电磁头等效为带负刚度的"径向弹簧",进而得到了金属谐振子的电磁修调算法。在该算法指导下,研究了一套电磁修调方法,并搭建修调系统进行修调实验。实验表明,该方法成功将谐振子的频率裂解从2Hz左右修调至0.02Hz,验证了电磁修调方法的实用性,有望应用于在线的正交控制。     

高温裂解-离子色谱法测定煤中卤素的含量北大核心CSCD

建立高温裂解-离子色谱联用技术检测煤中卤素含量的方法。煤样30.0~40.0 mg在350 mL·min^(-1)富氧条件下经1 100℃高温裂解处理后,含卤素组分转化成气体形式被20 mmol·L^(-1)氢氧化钠溶液5 mL吸收后,采用离子色谱电导检测器和IonPac AS18柱测定吸收液中氟、氯和溴的含量,采用离子色谱安培检测器和Ionpac AS11-HC柱测定吸收液中碘离子的含量。结果表明,氟、氯、溴和碘的质量浓度在一定范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3s)分别为3.03,2.47,0.80,8.85 mg·kg^(-1)。精密度试验结果显示测定值的相对标准偏差(n=9)均小于5.0%。按标准加入法对煤样进行回收试验,回收率在83.6%~105%之间。     

裂解气相色谱-质谱法研究壬酸香草酰胺的热裂解

采用在线热裂解/气相色谱-质谱联用技术(Py/GC-MS)对壬酸香草酰胺(PAVA)的热裂解行为进行了研究,在氦气氛围中考察了不同裂解温度和裂解时间对PAVA裂解的影响,通过GC-MS对裂解产物进行定性和半定量分析。结果表明,随着裂解温度的升高,PAVA裂解率快速提高,裂解产物也进一步增多,当裂解温度达到700℃以上时,可裂解出壬酰胺、2-甲氧基-4-甲基苯酚、1-己烯、壬基腈、壬醛等14种产物。同一温度下随着裂解时间的延长,PAVA的裂解率逐步升高,裂解产物发生了进一步的裂解。根据热裂解产物及主要裂解产物的含量变化,初步推断了PAVA的裂解规律。     

制备方法对煤焦油模型化合物裂解催化剂Ni/Al_2O_3结构及性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法、浸渍沉淀法和机械化学法(市售载体和自制载体)制备了Cat-1、Cat-2、Cat-3和Cat-4四种催化剂,通过BET、H_2-TPR、XRD、XPS和NH_3-TPD等表征催化剂的结构特征,考察了各催化剂对煤焦油模型化合物甲苯和芘(3%,质量分数)裂解反应性能的影响。结果表明,四种催化剂均为介孔材料,且Cat-4的介孔有序度更高,比表面积最大,达235 m~2/g。Cat-4催化剂中,NiAl_2O_4尖晶石的还原峰面积最高,占总面积的85.2%,还原后Ni的分散度最大,粒径最小,约为10.0 nm,意味着活性位点多。实验表明,除Cat-1外,其他催化剂对芘的裂解活性基本相当,其中,Cat-4作用下的析碳量最低,为10.84%,经Cat-1、Cat-2和Cat-3裂解后,体系中的析碳量分别较Cat-4增加了35.0%、74.7%和45.7%。可见,机械化学法制备的催化剂不仅具有最高的比表面积利于活性组分分散,而且NiAl_2O_4尖晶石含量最高,可抑制裂解过程中积炭的生成,因而最适宜于甲苯+芘裂解体系。     

IM-5分子筛在Ni-Cu催化剂甲烷热裂解制氢反应中的作用研究

甲烷热裂解制氢并生成高附加值的纳米碳材料,被认为是极具发展前景的氢气生产途径,但高性能催化剂的研发仍存在诸多挑战.我们选择多种载体(TS-1、 IM-5、 Y、介孔SiO₂、 γ-Al₂O₃、 CNTs),采用浸渍法制备Ni-Cu负载催化剂,通过低温N2吸附-脱附、 XRD、 SEM和H₂-TPR等系列表征方法对样品进行分析,考察不同载体对催化剂甲烷裂解制氢和纳米碳材料的影响.实验结果发现,分子筛载体独特的孔道结构有利于金属颗粒的分散,能有效避免反应中界面效应导致的催化剂失活,可提高催化剂反应活性并延长反应寿命,也显著提高了其碳产率.其中以IM-5分子筛为载体的催化剂表现最佳,在反应温度为700℃时, NiCu/IM-5催化剂甲烷转化率高达80%,氢气选择性达100%,反应400 min后活性未见明显降低. NiCu/IM-5催化剂碳产率高达1 446 g_C/g_cat,是NiCu/SiO₂催化剂的5.7倍, NiCu/γ-Al