Complementarity of CFD, experimentation and reactor models for solving challenging fluidization problems

Experimentalists, numerical modellers and reactor modellers need to work together, not only just for validation of numerical codes, but also to shed fundamental light on each other＇s problems and underlying assumptions. Several examples are given, Experimental gas axial dispersion data provide a means of choosing the most appropriate boundary condition （no slip, partial slip or full slip） for particles at the wall of fluidized beds. CFD simulations help to identify how close ＂two-dimensional＂ experimental columns are to being truly two-dimensional and to representing three-dimensional columns. CFD also can be used to provide a more rational means of establishing assumptions needed in the modelling of two-phase fluidized bed reactors, for example how to deal with cases where there is a change in molar flow （and hence volumetric flow） as a result of chemical reactions.     

Circulating turbulent fluidization—A new fluidization regime or just a transitional phenomenon

While circulating fluidized bed （CFB） reactor has many advantages over the more conventional turbulent fluidized bed （TFB） reactor, it does at least have one significant shortcoming-the rather dilute solids volume concentration in CFB reactor gives rise to less ideal reaction intensity. On the other hand, while having higher reaction intensity, TFB reactor has one fatal drawback of particle back-mixing, making it not suitable for certain reactions such as catalytic reaction where the catalyst requires frequent regeneration. This paper describes some key issues in the development of a circulating turbulent fluidized bed （CTFB） reactor that combines the advantages of both TFB and CFB, that is, to have the high reaction intensity as in TFB but and also to have a suppressed solids back-mixing as in CFB due to a continuous net upflow of solids flux through the bed. Experimental results show enough evidence to suggest that a new fluidization regime is formed, the characteristics of which appears to be distinct from those observed in a regular TFB and from those in either the bottom or the upper sections of regular CFB and/or high-density CFB （HDCFB）. Fundamentally, the difference is that particle-particle interaction （collision） dominates the motion of particles in CTFB and TFB, while gas-particle interaction （drag force） is the key element that determines the two phase flow in CFB including HDCFB.     

CFETR水冷包层两元混合增殖球床流动特性研究

作为中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)候选包层之一的水冷包层(WCCB),拟采用不同尺寸的两元混合增殖球床以增加球床的填充率,从而满足氚增殖比(TBR)要求。采用离散元方法(DEM)建立了满足中子学要求的CFETR水冷包层两元球床填充结构,通过CFD计算分析获取了氦气在球床颗粒间隙之间的流动特性,包括孔隙率分布、速度分布和压降等。     

移动加热器法生长CdMnTe和CdZnTe晶体的性能研究

采用移动加热器法生长铟惨杂浓度为5×1017 atoms/cm3的Cd0.9Mn0.1Te (CMT)和Cd0.9Zn0.1Te (CZT)单晶.生长得到的CMT晶体和CZT晶体电阻率范围为4.5×109 ～ 6.2×1010 Ω·cm.CMT晶体的成分均匀性要优于CZT晶体,拟合得到CMT和CZT晶体中Mn和Zn的分凝系数分别为0.95和1.23.富Te区在两种晶体生长过程中都具有显著的提纯作用,In惨杂的浓度范围均在6.4 ～ 14.4 ppm范围内.红外透射显微镜观察到三角形和六边形为主的Te夹杂的尺寸5 ～24 μm,浓度为105 cm-3.除最后结晶区之外,沿晶体生长方向Te夹杂的尺寸逐渐减小而浓度逐渐增大.制备的CMT和CZT探测器对59.5 keV241Am放射源均有能谱响应,能量分辨率分别为23.2;和24.6;.     

两级反应器制备Zn2+原位掺杂型LDHs纳米晶

采用两级反应器,将盐溶液MgCl2·6H2O、AlCl3·6H2O、ZnCl2·6H2O和沉降剂Na2CO3、NaOH进行反应成功制备出Zn2+原位掺杂型LDHs纳米晶.采用XRD、TEM、TG分析了Zn2+掺杂对MgAl-CO3 LDHs晶体结构、形貌与热稳定性的影响.结果表明:当[Mg2+ +Zn2+]/[Al3+] =2,[Mg2+]/[Zn2+] =4时,对MgAl-CO3 LDHs晶体结构影响最小,此时晶体形貌也相对较规则;原位掺杂后,95℃晶化2h为最佳晶化时间;Zn2+掺杂LDHs纳米晶在0 ～450℃范围内热稳定性降低,在450 ～550℃范围内热稳定性提高,且残渣量由46.57;提高到58.58;.     

移动加热器法生长CdMnTe晶体的性能研究

采用垂直布里奇曼法(VB)生长CdMnTe晶体,由于生长温度高、堆垛层错能低、热应力大等因素,晶体中存在大量孪晶、杂质、夹杂相等,限制其在核辐射探测器方面的应用.为了提高晶体的质量,本文采用移动加热器法(travelling heater method,THM)生长CdMnTe晶体,对该方法生长的晶体中Mn的轴向分布、杂质浓度、Te夹杂和电学性能进行测试分析,并与VB法生长的晶体作对比.结果表明THM法生长的CdMnTe晶体中Mn的轴向分布均匀,杂质浓度低于VB法制得的晶体,Te夹杂的尺寸5～25 μm,浓度105 cm-3,电阻率为109～1010Ω·cm,导电类型为弱n型,制备的探测器在室温下对241Am放射源有能谱响应.实验表明THM法生长的CMT晶体在晶体质量和电学性能方面明显优于VB法.     

纳米材料与生物分子的相互作用与微结构特性

纳米材料是物理、化学、生物等领域所广泛关注的研究方向,主要分为无机材料、有机材料及复合材料。其中由纳米粒子与生物分子组成的复合材料因具有独特的光学、化学、电磁学等性质,在医学和医疗等方面有着良好的应用前景。此外,利用生物分子自组装的方法,可设计出具有复杂有序结构的复合材料。因此,研究纳米粒子和生物分子的相互作用对纳米材料的设计和应用有着重要的意义。本文从实验和计算机模拟两个方面综述了纳米粒子对生物分子(包括蛋白质、DNA、生物膜)结构特性以及热力学、动力学性质的影响,并概述了影响两者相互作用的多种因素,包括纳米粒子的尺寸、形状、浓度、表面特性等。     

Characterization of the Engineering Flow in a Miniaturised Bioreactor by Computational Fluid Dynamics

Three approaches based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD) techniques have been assessed for their ability to describe the engineering flow environment in a miniaturized mechanically agitated bioreactor. The three approaches tested were the source-sink(SS), the multiple reference frames (MRF) and the sliding grids(SG). In all the cases, the predictions of the velocity components agree with reported experimental data. However, the analysis of the results of the turbulent intensities predicted by the three approaches indicates the MRF and the SG techniques under predicted turbulent intensities are comparable to both experimental measurements and the SS method. The predicted power number and pumping number based on the SS ap-proach are closer to typical reported experimental values compared to those obtained from the MRF and SG methods.     

Flow regimes in wet conical spouted beds using glass bead mixtures

Using a high-viscosity Newtonian fluid, glycerol, an experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate the stable spouting regime in conical spouted beds using four particle mixtures： a reference （monoparticles）, a binary mixture, two ternary mixtures with flat and Gaussian distributions respectively. The mixtures were selected for particle diameters （dp） ranging from 1.09 to 4.98 mm and particle diameter ratios （dpL/dps） ranging from 1.98 to 4.0. Experimental data show that pressure fluctuation signals of the bed, as indicated by changes in their standard deviations, provide suitable information to identify the range of operational conditions for stable spouting. However, the analysis of skewness of curves of pressure fluctuation as a function of air velocity appears not sufficient to identify a particular flow regime. For glycerol in the spouting regime, the standard deviation is noted to increase with increasing glycerol concentration due to the growth of interparticle forces. The implications of these research findings on the drying of suspensions in conical spouted beds using glass bead mixtures are also discussed.     

自适应卡尔曼滤波在移动卫星通讯系统中的应用

研究了自适应卡尔曼滤波技术在移动卫星通讯系统中的应用.首先分析长时间工作的移动卫星通讯系统对导航定位系统的要求,其次通过对系统建模建立系统方程,利用GPS信息和激光陀螺惯性导航系统(LINS)信息建立量测方程.为了避免滤波发散,卡尔曼滤波算法采用Sage&Husa算法.最后给出在北京西郊跑车实验的结果.实验结果表明采用自适应卡尔曼滤波技术的LINS/GPS组合导航系统可以有效地改善移动卫星通讯系统的性能.