《化学通报》2014年总目次

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面向脑机接口的犹他神经电极技术

A human brain is composed of a large number of interconnected neurons forming a neural network. To study the functional mechanism of the neural network, it is necessary to record the activity of individual neurons over a large area simultaneously. Brain-computer interface (BCI) refers to the connection established between the human/animal brain and computers/other electronic devices, which enables direct interaction between the brain and external devices. It plays an important role in understanding, protecting, and simulating the brain, especially in helping patients with neurological disorders to restore their impaired motor and sensory functions. Neural electrodes are electrophysiological devices that form the core of BCI, which convert neuronal electrical signals (carried by ions) into general electrical signals (carried by electrons). They can record or interfere with the state of neural activity. The Utah Electrode Array (UEA) designed by the University of Utah is a mainstream neural electrode fabricated by bulk micromachining. Its unique three-dimensional needle-like structure enables each electrode to obtain high spatiotemporal resolution and good insulation between each other. After implantation, the tip of each electrode affects only a small group of neurons around it even allowing to record the action potential of a single neuron. The availability of a large number of electrodes, high quality of signals, and long service life has made UEA the first choice for collecting neuronal signals. Moreover, UEA is the only implantable neural electrode that can record signals in the human cerebral cortex. This article mainly serves as an introduction to the construction, manufacturing process, and functioning of UEA, with a focus on the research progress in fabricating high-density electrode arrays, wireless neural interfaces, and optrode arrays using silicon, glass, and metal as that material of construction. We also discuss the surface modification techniques that can be used to reduce the electrode impedance, minimize the rejection by brain tissue, and improve the corrosion resistance of the electrode. In addition, we summarize the clinical applications where patients can control external devices and get sensory feedback by implanting UEA. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges faced by existing electrodes such as the difficulty in increasing electrode density, poor response of integrated wireless neural interface, and the problems of biocompatibility. To achieve stability and durability of the electrode, advancements in both material science and manufacturing technology are required. We hope that this review can broaden the scope of ideas for the development of UEA. The realization of a fully implantable neural microsystem can contribute to an improved understanding of the functional mechanisms of the neural network and treatment of neurological diseases.     

基于电化学发光和阻抗技术研究DNA单碱基错配

单碱基错配的识别和稳定性差异在核酸多态性研究中至关重要。在同一电化学传感器平台上,采用电化学发光（ECL）和电化学阻抗（EIS）2种技术,协同研究DNA链中不同类型和不同位点的单碱基错配识别和稳定性差异。电极表面具有茎环构象的探针DNA与完全互补DNA、不同类型或不同位点单碱基错配DNA杂交前后的ECL和EIS信号强度变化有显著差异。信号强度变化可揭示单碱基错配识别的稳定性。结果表明,DNA链中心位点的C-A单碱基错配稳定性低于链两端的,靠近键合电极表面双链链端的C-A单碱基错配稳定性低于非键合电极表面双链链端的,同一中心位点C-X碱基对的稳定性顺序为C-G?C-T>C-A≥C-C。研究结果可为核酸多态性研究提供参考。     

基于大科学装置的纳米材料与生物分子相互作用的分析

纳米材料与生物分子的相互作用直接影响着纳米材料的体内行为、状态与生物学效应,建立和发展可靠的分析方法以表征两者的相互作用非常必要.本文围绕纳米材料与蛋白质、脂类等重要生物分子作用过程的科学问题如作用分子类型的鉴定与相对丰度的测量、作用方式与界面结构,重点介绍基于同步辐射与散裂中子源等大科学装置的前沿分析方法在相关领域的应用,概述了相关分析方法的优势与先进性,为纳米生物效应研究、纳米医学应用的研究等提供了重要分析手段.最后,展望了新一代光源助力于纳米材料与生物分子作用研究的前景.     

生物组织电穿孔中的热效应研究

本文对生物组织电穿孔中的热效应问题进行了计算研究。结果表明生物组织电穿孔过程中,选用不当的脉冲电压参数,会对组织造成严重的热损伤。若采用相同的烧伤阈值来描述热损伤范围,则相同电脉冲参数条件下在体组织比离体组织受到的热损伤更大。     

气相色谱和原子荧光联用测定生物和沉积物样品中甲基汞

提出了一种气相色谱和原子荧光在线联用测定甲基汞的方法。对气相色谱和原子荧光的在线联用进行了设计,优化了进样口温度、载气流速、尾吹气流量及氩气流量等实验条件。在最佳仪器条件下,甲基汞(MMC)和乙基汞(EMC)的绝对检出限(3σ)可达0.005 ng。对于10 ng·mL-1 MMC和EMC标准溶液,连续5次进样测得精密度(RSD)分别为2.5％和1.3％。对标准参考物(DORM-2)的分析结果与标准值一致。两个沉积物中甲基汞的加标回收率分别为70％和77％。方法准确、灵敏,可应用于生物和沉积物样品中甲基汞的分析。     

激活型有机光声造影剂的应用

光声(PA)成像作为一种结合了光学和声学成像优势的新型成像方式,具有深层组织穿透和高空间分辨率等优点,在重大疾病的早期影像诊断方面有着巨大的应用前景.然而传统的PA造影剂依然存在信噪比低、选择性及特异性差等不足,容易产生假阳性诊断结果.激活型PA造影剂可以有效的降低背景噪声,并提升成像的灵敏度和特异性,是目前PA造影剂...     

纳米雄黄研究进展

矿物中药雄黄临床应用历史悠久,近些年来更是引起广泛关注。然而也存在雄黄的潜在毒性较大, 雄黄的难溶性使其生物利用度低等问题。采用纳米技术制成纳米雄黄,可以提高难溶性雄黄的生物利用度和降低毒副作用;与普通雄黄比较,纳米雄黄的药代动力学也发生显著变化。本文在文献总结基础上结合我们的研究工作,对纳米雄黄的制备方法及表征、纳米雄黄药代动力学、纳米雄黄抗肿瘤作用、纳米雄黄的活性物种及纳米雄黄中药复方制剂等方面作了综述,并对纳米雄黄的进一步研究做了展望。     

用芹菜茎生物催化对映选择性还原芳香酮

研究了用芹菜茎薄片在温和与环境友好的条件下催化芳香酮的对映选择性还原反应.制备得到具有光学活性的(S)-1-芳基醇,产物的对映选择性符合Prelog规则.考察了pH值、反应时间、反应温度、底物浓度等因素对底物芳香酮的转化率和产物(S)-1-芳基醇的对映体过量值的影响,并优化了这些反应条件.文中还研究了底物的构效关系,发现羰基两边取代基的空间效应和电子效应明显影响底物的转化率和产物的对映体过量值.在合适的条件下底物苯乙酮的转化率高达100%,产物(S)-1-苯基乙醇的对映体过量值大于99.0%.苯丙酮、对甲基苯乙酮和对氯苯乙酮等其它芳香酮的转化率达到中等程度,但所得(S)-1.芳基醇的最大对映体过量值均大于99.0%.     

PBDEs研究的最新进展

多澳联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类环境中广泛存在的全球性有机污染物.由于其具有环境持久性、远距离传输、生物可累积性及对生物和人体具有毒害效应等特性,对其环境问题的研究已成为当前环境科学的一大热点.本文对最近几年来环境中PBDEs研究的进展进行综述,对多溴联苯醚在环境及生物体中的分布、时间趋势、人体暴露及途径、环境中的降解和生物代谢以及生物累积与生物放大方面的研究进行了总结,对目前存在问题及进一步的研究方向进行了讨论和展望.