双功能型嵌入镍纳米颗粒的碳棱柱状微米棒电极用于电化学甲醇氧化助力的节能产氢

With the rapid development of human society, clean energy forms are imperative to sustain the normal operations of various mechanical and electrical facilities under a cozy environment. Hydrogen is considered among the most promising clean energy sources for the future. Recently, electrochemical water splitting has been considered as one of the most efficient approaches to harvest hydrogen energy, which generates only non-pollutant water on combustion. However, the sluggish anodic oxygen evolution reaction significantly restricts the efficiency of water splitting and requires a relatively high cell voltage to drive the electrolysis. Therefore, seeking a thermodynamically favorable anodic reaction to replace the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction by utilizing highly active bifunctional electrocatalysts for the anodic reaction and hydrogen evolution are crucial for achieving energy-efficient hydrogen production for industrial applications. Nevertheless, it is known that the oxygen evolution reaction can be replaced with other useful and thermodynamically favorable reactions to reduce the electrolysis voltage for realizing energy-efficient hydrogen production. Therefore, in this study, we present a bifunctional nickel nanoparticle-embedded carbon (Ni@C) prism-like microrod electrocatalyst synthesized via a two-step method involving the synthesis of a precursor metal-organic framework-74 and subsequent carbonization treatment for methanol oxidation and hydrogen evolution. The interfacial structure consisting of a nickel and carbon skeleton was realized via in situ carbonization. However, the dispersed nickel nanoparticles do not easily aggregate owing to the partition by the surrounding carbon as it would sufficiently expose the active Ni sites to the electrolytes, ensuring fast charge transfer between the catalyst and electrolytes by accelerating the electrochemical kinetics. In the anodic methanol oxidation, the products were detected as carbon dioxide and formate with faradaic efficiencies of 36.2% and 62.5%, respectively, at an applied potential of 1.55 V. Meanwhile, the Ni@C microrod catalyst demonstrated high activity and durability (2.7% current decay after 12 h of continuous operation) toward methanol oxidation, which demonstrates that methanol oxidation precedes oxidation under voltage forces. Notably, the bifunctional catalyst not only exhibits excellent performance toward methanol oxidation but also yields a low overpotential of 155 mV to drive 10 mA∙cm⁻² toward hydrogen evolution in 1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH aqueous solution with 0.5 mol∙L⁻¹ methanol at room temperature, which guarantees the hydrogen production efficiency. More importantly, the constructed two-electrode electrolyzer produced a current density of 10 mA∙cm⁻² at a low cell voltage of 1.6 V, which decreased by 240 mV after replacing the oxygen evolution reaction with methanol oxidation.     

新型汽车发动机油用添加剂的研究进展

本文介绍了汽车发动机油用添加剂尤其是多功能添加剂的发展概况、作用机理、种类、结构及应用效果，并对未来润滑油添加剂的发展方向提供了一些参考，为我国润滑油品的高档化发展提出了几点想法。     

新型添加剂全氟辛酸铵对提高锂离子电池安全性能的研究

报导可显著提高锂离子电池安全性的新型电解液添加剂全氟辛酸铵(APC). UL 94 可燃性试验显示添加0.70 wt% APC能使有机电解液的火焰传播速率下降33%. 差示扫描量热法(DSC)测试表明APC显著减弱了嵌锂碳电极和电解液之间的放热反应, 并将其热不稳定温度由138.0 ℃提高到167.5 ℃. 交流阻抗检测显示APC的加入明显降低了碳材料电极的界面阻抗, 并且提高了在储存过程中其固态电解质界面(SEI)层的稳定性. 添加APC还能有效地提高Li/MCMB电池充放电循环性能和库仑效率.     

铁粉为原料催化改性铁氧化物的储氢性能

以Fe粉为原料, 以金属Mo, Al和Ni可溶性盐作为添加剂, 通过浸渍法制备单金属添加和双金属添加的改性铁氧化物储氢材料Fe-Mo, Fe-Al, Fe-Mo-Ni和Fe-Mo-Al, 并研究了它们的储氢性能. 结果表明样品Fe-Mo改性效果最好: 如放氢温度由改性前的500 ℃降至改性后的290 ℃左右; 300 ℃时放氢速率最高, 由改性前的低于50 μmol•min^－1• Fe-g^－1到改性后的325 μmol•min^－1•Fe-g^－1 (10次平均); 4.53 wt%的平均实验储氢量与理论值4.8 wt%较接近; 储-放氢循环稳定性随着循环次数的增加呈逐渐增加的趋势. SEM微观结构和BET比表面积分析表明添加剂的种类对样品的改性作用更重要.     

选择性传输的仿生水通道的研究进展

水通道蛋白是对水分子具有高选择性和渗透性的跨膜蛋白。仿生水通道是由各种无机或有机材料,如碳纳米材料、有机化合物以及肽等分别自组装而成,旨在模仿天然水通道蛋白的结构和功能。本文介绍了水通道蛋白的种类、结构及其特异性透水机理,在此基础上分别对以碳纳米材料、有机及肽孔的仿生水通道的研究进展进行了综述。重点阐述了三类仿生水通道的材料特性及其对仿生水通道结构和功能的影响。最后针对现有仿生水通道的不足,提出了开发新型仿生水通道面临的挑战,并展望了仿生水通道的发展前景。     

基于信息化教学平台提升初中物理作业功能性研究

信息化向教育行业渗透的范围越来越大,合理有效地运用技术带来的便利成为每个教育工作者的必修课.随着我国教育的深入发展,我们需要面对教学的各个环节不断向精细化与实效化发展的客观要求,以及来自各方面因素的参与需要.课后作业作为教学过程中重要的一环同样包括在内.本文的研究方向为信息化平台在初中物理课后作业中的应用,通过研究发现,信息化平台的使用对于初中物理作业功能性的提升会产生积极的作用.     

静息态功能磁共振成像评估健康老年人认知行为的多尺度熵模型研究

当前,静息态功能磁共振成像(rfMRI)为脑功能检测提供了高效、快捷的先进技术.熵可以捕捉神经信号动态特征,可作为量化评估参数,但尚存在固定尺度计算缺陷且对认知行为的生物学标记少有研究,影响检测精准性.为此,本文将多尺度熵模型与机器学习方法联合,寻求BOLD信号复杂度表征健康老年人认知分数的功能影像学标记.由扫描前认知量表测试分数将98名健康老年人分为优、差两组,78名纳入训练,20名纳入测试.首先,构建多尺度熵模型,计算两组扫描数据熵,统计和对比以优化模型参数;然后,在优化参数下由统计显著性高的脑区熵值构建特征向量;最后,用极限学习机对两组分类并统计检验.发现:rfMRI多尺度熵在评估老年人认知分数时,在额、颞叶脑区存在较大显著性差异,以此为标记区分认知分数可达80%准确率.结论:额、颞叶等脑区优化的多尺度熵可有效区分健康老年人认知行为优劣.该研究将为rfMRI替代主观繁琐的传统认知量表测试提供新的检测参数和新方法.     

Orbital-Free Density Functional Theory for Molecular Structure Calculations

We give here an overview of the orbital-free density functional theory that is used for modeling atoms and molecules.We review typical approximations to the kinetic energy,exchange-correlation corrections to the kinetic and Hartree energies, and constructions of the pseudopotentials.We discuss numerical discretizations for the orbital-free methods and include several numerical results for illustrations.     

新型旋转挤出流变仪

聚合物加工是决定塑料制品最终结构性能的中心环节,其重要的理论基础是聚合物流变学,研究聚合物流变行为的关键仪器是流变仪.但现有流变仪大多基于简化的流动模型,与实际复杂加工条件不符,难有效揭示聚合物在复杂应力场/温度场作用下的流变行为.我们基于前期发明的聚合物管旋转挤出加工技术和装备,研制了新型旋转挤出流变仪,可实现挤出/旋转的不同组合和管内外壁双冷,实施和调控旋转挤出中多种运动模式和应力场及温度场,实时检测挤出/旋转速度、应力、温度场,显示记录有关数据,既可用于研究实际加工复杂条件下聚合物加工流变行为,也可用于制备高性能多功能聚合物微导管.本文综述了新型旋转挤出流变仪的结构特点和原理及其在流变测试与聚合物微导管制备方面的应用.