二甲醚部分氧化重整制氢中的部分氧化催化剂的考察

采用浸渍法制备了一系列负载型贵金属催化剂,与Ni/Al2O3构成双床层催化剂,在连续流动固定床反应器中,进行了二甲醚(DME)部分氧化重整制氢的研究,系统地考察了贵金属类型及其负载量、载体以及还原温度与反应温度的影响.结果表明,Pd/Al2O3催化性能不及Pt/Al2O3和Rh/Al2O3,而Pt/Al2O3和Rh/Al2O3催化性能相当,考虑到价格因素,选择了Pt/Al2O3作为本反应催化剂.对Pt负载量的考察表明,0.5%Pt/Al2O3催化性能最佳,且Al2O3又比MgO和ZrO2更适合作载体.通过对工艺条件的考察,确定适当的还原温度与反应温度均为700℃.在上述最佳催化剂与反应条件下,DME转化率保持在100%,H2收率可达80%.     

光敏化铱配合物三线态材料

铱配合物由于高的激发单线态到三线态的量子转化效率和可调节的三线态寿命,近年来在三线态光敏化应用领域备受瞩目.科学家们就调控铱配合物发光波长和发光量子效率已建立起有效的分子设计策略和原则,但对如何调控铱配合物的可见光吸光响应,三线态量子产率和寿命等光敏化应用要求的重要光物理参数的相关探索并不多,相应的分子设计策略和原则远未建立.本文介绍了铱配合物与光敏化过程相关的光物理特征,改进铱配合物可见光吸收性能、调控三线态量子产率和寿命的分子设计策略,综述了铱配合物近年来应用于染料敏化太阳能电池、三线态-三线态湮灭能量上转化和光裂解水制氢的研究进展,梳理了铱配合物分子结构与光敏化性能之间的部分关联关系.     

甲醇水蒸气重整制氢Pd/ZnO催化剂还原过程中Pd与ZnO的相互作用

 采用程序升温还原、程序升温脱附、程序升温电导及X射线衍射研究了并流共沉淀法制备的15.9%Pd/ZnO催化剂还原过程中结构和物种的变化及电荷的传递,考察了还原温度对该催化剂催化甲醇水蒸气重整制氢的影响. 结果表明,还原过程中Pd与ZnO间存在明显的相互作用,导致氢溢流,溢流氢促进了ZnO还原并使ZnO与Pd形成活性中心PdZn合金. 催化剂的还原历程为 PdO/ZnO → Pd/ZnO → PdZnO1-x/ZnO → 无定形PdZn合金/ZnO → 晶型PdZn合金/ZnO. 并流共沉淀法制备的Pd/ZnO催化剂Pd分散度高, PdZn合金形成温度低. 在523～573 K还原后,催化剂的PdZn合金粒径为5～14 nm, 此时催化剂对甲醇的转化率及二氧化碳选择性均达到最大值.     

Ce和Mg改性的γ-Al2O3负载Pt催化剂催化乙二醇水相重整制氢

 采用浸渍法制备了Ce和Mg改性的 γ-Al2O3 负载Pt乙二醇水相重整制氢催化剂. 采用催化活性评价、N2物理吸附、CO化学吸附、X射线衍射(XRD)和程序升温还原(TPR)等手段系统研究了催化剂的活性、选择性及物化性质. 实验结果表明, Ce和Mg改性的 γ-Al2O3 负载Pt催化剂的活性明显高于Pt/γ-Al2O3 催化剂. 在498 K和2.58 MPa条件下,乙二醇的转化率由72.3%提高到100%, 氢的选择性接近100%. 在Pt/(Ce)γ-Al2O3 和Pt/(Mg)γ-Al2O3 催化剂的XRD谱中,除了 γ-Al2O3 特征峰外,还分别出现了CeO2和Mg-Al层状化合物及微弱的Mg-Al尖晶石结构化合物的特征峰. Ce的存在促进了Pt对乙二醇的吸附-裂解作用和CO水煤气变换反应; Mg的存在中和了 γ-Al2O3 表面的酸性,增加了载体的碱性中心,影响了PtCl2-6的分散,抑制了乙二醇的脱水反应.     

CO2预处理操作条件对Ni-Co双金属催化剂性能与结构的影响

The performance of the Ni-Co bimetallic catalyst was significantly improved by a novel H₂ and CO₂ (HCD) pretreatment in the dry reforming of methane compared with traditional H₂ pretreatment. The effects of the HCD pretreatment operating conditions, such as pretreatment time, temperature, gas feeding ratio, and gas flow rate, on the catalytic performance of Ni-Co bimetallic catalyst were investigated. The optimal pretreatment time, temperature, gas feeding ratio (CH₄/CO₂), and gas flow rate were 0.5-1 h, 780-800 ℃, 0:10, and 175-200 mL·min^-1, respectively. Biogas was simulated with CH₄ and CO₂ in a volume ratio of 1 and without any other diluted gas. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetry (TG) coupled to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In a 511 h stability test under the optimized operating conditions, the catalyst pretreated with both H₂ and CO₂ exhibited excellent stability. The average conversions of CH₄ and CO₂, selectivities for H₂ and CO, and volume ratio of H₂/CO were 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, and 0.98, respectively. The average carbon deposition rate over the Ni-Co bimetallic catalyst was only about 0.2 mg·g^-1·h^-1. The characterization results revealed that the sintering speed of the metal greatly decreased with testing time, and the metal particle will not greatly sinter with further testing time. The amount of deposited carbon on the catalyst gradually decreased and growth of filamentous carbon over the surface of the catalyst could be inhibited. The performance of the Ni-Co bimetallic catalyst was significantly improved by a novel H₂ and CO₂ (HCD) pretreatment in the dry reforming of methane compared with traditional H₂ pretreatment. The effects of the HCD pretreatment operating conditions, such as pretreatment time, temperature, gas feeding ratio, and gas flow rate, on the catalytic performance of Ni-Co bimetallic catalyst were investigated. The optimal pretreatment time, temperature, gas feeding ratio (CH₄/CO₂), and gas flow rate were 0.5-1 h, 780-800 ℃, 0:10, and 175-200 mL·min^-1, respectively. Biogas was simulated with CH₄ and CO₂ in a volume ratio of 1 and without any other diluted gas. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetry (TG) coupled to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In a 511 h stability test under the optimized operating conditions, the catalyst pretreated with both H₂ and CO₂ exhibited excellent stability. The average conversions of CH₄ and CO₂, selectivities for H₂ and CO, and volume ratio of H₂/CO were 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, and 0.98, respectively. The average carbon deposition rate over the Ni-Co bimetallic catalyst was only about 0.2 mg·g^-1·h^-1. The characterization results revealed that the sintering speed of the metal greatly decreased with testing time, and the metal particle will not greatly sinter with further testing time. The amount of deposited carbon on the catalyst gradually decreased and growth of filamentous carbon over the surface of the catalyst could be inhibited. Thereby, great catalytic activity and stability could be obtained during the dry reforming of methane reaction.     

负载NiO-Fe2O3的凹凸棒石对生物油模型物催化重整制氢性能的影响

利用共沉淀法,制备一系列在凹凸棒土上负载不同含量的NiO-Fe₂O₃催化剂。以乙酸、乙醇和苯酚的水溶性溶液为生物油模型物,在自制的三段式固定床反应器中,考察了NiO-Fe₂O₃的负载量、反应温度、水碳比(S/C)对生物油模型物重整制氢的影响。结果表明,所获得的氢气产率最高的工艺条件为,在650℃条件下,以水碳比8~10的生物油模型为实验原料,使用自制的50%NiO-50%Fe₂O₃/PG型催化剂,可使气体产物中H₂的相对含量达到最大66.15%。     

La-CoMoN_x/CNTs催化剂上氨分解反应的本征动力学

以La-CoMoNx/CNTs为催化剂,对氨分解制氢反应的本征动力学进行了研究。考察了N2浓度、H2浓度、NH3浓度以及反应温度对反应速率的影响。采用幂指数方程描述反应动力学,确定了本征动力学参数,推导出了本征动力学方程,得到反应的活化能为93.948 kJ/mol。同时对其反应机理进行了探讨,认为La-CoMoNx/CNTs催化剂上氨分解反应遵循Temkin-Pyzhev机理,即表面氮原子的结合脱附为反应的速率控制步骤。     

高效绿色硫化氢转化制氢技术 太阳能光电催化-化学耦合分解硫化氢制氢研究获突破

<正>2014年4月4日,中国科学院大连化学物理研究所洁净能源国家实验室太阳能研究部李灿院士团队和昆士兰大学纳米材料中心逯高清(Max Lu)、王连洲教授团队合作,在光电催化-化学耦合分解硫化氢研究中取得重要进展,相关研究成果发表在德国《应用化学》(Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2014,doi:/10.1002/anie.201400571)上,并被评为"hot paper"(热点文章)。     

Fe2O3/LaNiO3载氧体在化学链制氢中应用的可行性研究

采用柠檬酸络合法制备了Fe2O3/LaNiO3复合氧化物,将该氧化物作为化学链制氢反应的载氧体,对燃料反应器温度、蒸汽反应器温度、剂烷比(Fe2O3/CH4)、进水量等工艺条件进行了考察。实验结果表明:燃料反应器温度达到800℃以上甲烷都可以全部转化,燃料反应器温度、剂烷比和进水量对氢气产量影响比较大。在燃料反应器温度为850℃、蒸汽反应器温度为900℃、常压、剂烷比为2/1,进水量为0.1 mL时对载氧体进行连续60次氧化-还原循环,结果是前57次循环载氧体稳定性非常好,从第58次循环开始氢气产量迅速下降,结合XRD和TEM表征发现载氧体在高温下连续进行氧化-还原反应,导致部分载氧体结构发生分解,失去了原来结构具有很强的储氧-释氧能力,导致氢气产量下降,稳定性变差。     

Ce掺杂K2La2Ti3O10催化剂的可见光高效催化制氢的研究

采用高温固相法合成了铈掺杂的K₂La₂Ti₃O₁₀催化剂, 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射(UV-vis DRS)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对催化剂进行了表征. 考察了催化剂的可见光催化分解甲醇水溶液制氢的活性, 并对可见光催化机理进行了分析. 研究表明, 铈的掺杂没有改变K₂La₂Ti₃O₁₀的微晶结构, 并使催化剂粒径有所减小. 紫外可见漫反射分析表明禁带宽度为2.3 eV左右, 对可见光具有较高吸收. XPS表明La和Ti为＋3和＋4价, 而Ce则是＋3和＋4的混合价态. 担载2 wt% Pt后, 在可见光下光催化活性大大提高, 当铈的掺杂量为0.5 mol%(即Ce取代La的摩尔百分量)时, 光催化活性达到最大, 产氢速率为0.05 mmol/h; 光照5 h后产氢量为0.22 mmol, 而纯K₂La₂Ti₃O₁₀的产氢量只有0.037 mmol.