Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity of 4-Nonylphenol Ethoxylate on Lymphocytes as Assessed by the Comet Assay

Surfactants, which are prevalent at industrial sites and in the environment generally, are potential risk factors in human carcinogenesis. The widespread industrial use of surfactants such as 4-alkylphenol ethoxylates and their prevalence in many cleaning products have provoked studies about surfactant concentrations in water and their toxicity levels. Up to now, these substances have mainly been tested on aquatic organisms. Though tests on human cell lines are rare. The alkaline Comet assay was performed to evaluate the genotoxicity of 4-nonylphenol ethoxylate, a biodegradable product of 4-alkylphenol ethoxylate, in human lymphocytes. Concentrations tested ranged from 0.15 to 150 µg/mL. Test concentrations of 10 to 15 µg/mL caused an increase level of DNA migration in human cells, but without inducing excessive toxicity (viability > 80%). Though induced levels of DNA migration starting at concentrations of 30 µg/mL may have been due to excessive levels of cytotoxicity (viability < 70%). Based on these data, 4-nonylphenol ethoxylate can induce DNA damage in human lymphocytes but at higher concentrations than are normally found in river or drinking water. However, considering the prevalence of surfactants, the measured genotoxicity of these substances is of concern. Further investigations on human target cells are necessary to evaluate the carcinogenic impact of surfactants and reconsider their environmental acceptance.     

Fluorescent Probe ABM for Screening Gastrointestinal Patient’s Immune State

The fluorescent probe-aminoderivative of benzanthrone, ABM (developed at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia) was used to characterize the membranes of lymphocytes of cancer patients: 46 patients with gastrointestinal diseases, 13 patients having different primary localizations with massive metastases and intoxication. Patients were divided into three groups: (1) with decreased fluorescence intensity, (2) normal fluorescence intensity, (3) increased fluorescence intensity. The lymphocytes distribution among subsets differed between groups, in correspondence to the level of florescence intensity. Surgical treatment affected the main immunological parameters and elevated the functional activity of lymphocytes. In the advanced tumors group, fluorescence intensity correlates with the survival rate. Results suggest that determination of lymphocytes functional activity by ABM can aid evaluation of the immune status in cancer patients.     

Method for intracellular magnetic labeling of human mononuclear cells using approved iron contrast agents

A method for intracellular iron labeling of human mononuclear cells (lymphocytes and monocytes) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using simple incubation of cells with approved MRI iron contrast agents is presented. Labeled cells can be detected by MRI in vitro, and this suggests the possibility that the technique could become a marker for in vivo lymphocyte and monocyte trafficking studies in acute inflammatory lesions such as those in Multiple Sclerosis.     

Study on the effects of cefotaxime on intracellular Ca^2＋ in human peripheral lymphocytes by fluoremetry

Characteristic of Fura-2-Ca~(2 )interaction was studied based on the fluorescence technique.The apparent dissociation constants(K_d)of the Fura-2-Ca~(2 )complex were determined at different temperature.The effect of cefotaxime(CEFA)on intracellular Ca~(2 )concentration([Ca~(2 )]_i)was discussed by using a ratiometric fluorescence dye Fura-2 as a probe.The basal[Ca~(2 )]_i in resting humanperipheral lymphocytes was 100 7 nmol/L but after treatment with cefotaxime,the changes of[Ca~(2 )]_i were observed in differentconditions.In the concentration range of 1-30 μmol/L of cefotaxime[Ca~(2 )]_i increased,as a result of releasing intracellular Ca2 stores.Higher concentration of cefotaxime(50-500 μmol/L)stimulated to decrease of[Ca~(2 )]_i.     

Interference study on the free calcium in the human peripheral lymphocyte by acrylamide

The role of acrylamide on the human peripheral lymphocytes was studied by laser scanning confocal microscopy technique and fluo-3. The calibration value of the apparent dissociation constant （Kd） of the fluo-3-Ca^2＋ complex was obtained as 4.83 × 10^-7 moi/L. Acrylamide （〈54 μg/mL） evoked a rise in free intracellular calcium concentration [Ca^2＋]i, in a dosedependent manner. Acrylamide induced the increase of [Ca^2＋]i was discussed in detail.     

Synthesized Chitosan-Sodium Alginate-Polyethylene glycol-D-Pinitol nanocomposites showed antiarthritic activity on Freund’s Complete Adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats

BackgroundOsteoarthritis is a severe degenerative joint disease characterized by swelling, joint pain, degradation of cartilage extracellular matrix, synovitis, callus formation, and loss of normal joint movements, which leads to functional limitations and seriously affect the patient’s life quality.ObjectiveThe current research work was focussed to synthesize and characterize the chitosan-sodium alginate-polyethylene glycol-d-pinitol nanocomposites (CSP-dP-NCs) and evaluate its antiarthritic activity against the freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA)-triggered arthritis in animals.MethodologyThe CSP-dP-NCs were synthesized by standard method. The development and properties of formulated CSP-dP-NCs were confirmed by several characterization techniques like UV–visible, photoluminescence, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopic (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses. The arthritis was induced in experimental rats via administering 0.1 ml of FCA subcutaneously and then treated with 10 and 25 mg/kg of synthesized CSP-dP-NCs for 25 days. The bodyweight of animals were tabulated and then haematological parameters, organ index, and paw volume was examined. The levels of liver marker enzymes were assessed by standard techniques. The contents and pro-inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant parameters were quantified using assay kits.ResultsThe findings of characterization studies confirmed the development of CSP-dP-NCs with size ranging from 180 nm, tetragonal appearance, and narrowed distribution. The CSP-dP-NCs treated arthritic animals demonstrated the improved bodyweight and haematological parameters. The levels of thymus and spleen index and hind paw volume was decreased by the CSP-dP-NCs. The administration of CSP-dP-NCs to the arthritic rats also exhibited the decreased contents of IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, TNF-α, MDA levels and increased the GSH level, CAT and SOD activities. The activities of ALP, ALT, and ASP also decreased in arthritic rats by the CSP-dP-NCs treatment.ConclusionAltogether, the findings of this study demonstrated the antiarthritic activity of formulated CSP-dP-NCs against FCA-induced arthritic rats via modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters. Hence, it could be the effective drug for the arthritis treatment in the future.     

Modeling cancer immunotherapy: Assessing the effects of lymphocytes on cancer cell growth and motility

A mesoscopic model is used to describe the effects of lymphocyte activity on a growing tumor. The model yields novel insights into the tumor–immune system interaction. In particular, we found that the presence of a putative chemotactic messenger that helps guide the lymphocytes towards the tumor is not critical to elicit the anti-tumor effects of the immune system, while lymphocytes that block tumor cell migration contribute to limit cancer expansion and thus have a more significant therapeutic impact.     

IMMUNOMODULATION OF SYNTHESIZEDPOLYMERS CONTAINING PHOSPHORUSIN THE BACKBONE──EFFECT ON THE PROLIFERATION OF LYMPHOCYTES

INTRODUCTIONBiodegradablepolymerswithphosphorusinthebackbonehavebeenstudiedSupportedbytheNationalNaturalSCienceFoundationofChinaandResearchLaboratoriesofNatUlalandBiomimeticDrugsofBabingMedicalUniversityasdrugreleasematrixandorthopedicfixationdeviceinthepastfewyears['j.Ourpreviouspaperreportedtheimmunoadjuvantactivityofanovelsyntheticpci}rphosphatesbasedondipeptide[':.Recently,wehavefurtherreportedanegativelychargedpolyphosphoramidatebasedonstearyltyrosinethatexhibitsimrnunostimulat…     

Transmembrane Signaling of T Lymphocytes by Ligand-Induced Receptor Complex Assembly

T lymphocytes (T cells) are the central cell type initiating all immune responses. They are able to recognize other cells in the body that have been invaded by foreign living or nonliving matter. In such cells, foreign peptides generated by intracellular breakdown are complexed with molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) specially designed for peptide binding. Peptide-loaded MHC molecules appear on the surface of these cells and alert the immune system. The molecular complex which T cells use for recognition of peptide-loaded MHC molecules is among the most sophisticated and versatile receptor systems in biology. It consists of specific and nonspecific transmembrane components which assemble to a functional signal transduction unit as the result of ligand binding. Correct assembly leads to activation and relocation of enzymes including membrane-associated, tyrosin-specific protein kinases and phosphatases. Transmembrane signaling in T cells depends on the correct assembly and cooperation among multiple molecular components. This may be related to a multitude of different cellular responses of T cells at different stages of differentiation, all elicited through the T cell receptor complex.     

Tissue proteomics of splenic marginal zone lymphoma

Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) is a rare chronic B lymphoproliferative disease, whose molecular pathogenesis has still not been well established. For the first time, a proteomic approach was undertaken to analyse the protein profiles of SMZL tissue. 1D and 2D Western blot, immunohistochemical analysis, and functional data mining were also performed in order to validate results, investigate protein species specific regulation, classify proteins, and explore their potential relationships. We demonstrated that SMZL is characterized by modulation of protein species related to energetic metabolism and apoptosis pathways. We also reported specific protein species (such as biliverdin reductase A, manganese superoxide dismutase, beta‐2 microglobulin, growth factor receptor‐bound protein 2, acidic leucine‐rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member A, and Set nuclear oncogene) directly involved in NF‐kB and BCR pathways, as well as in chromatin remodelling and cytoskeleton. Our findings shed new light on SMZL pathogenesis and provide a basis for the future development of novel biomarkers. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium with the dataset identifier PXD001124.