Generalized valuations on MTL-algebras

In this paper, we study some kinds of generalized valuations on MTL-algebras, discuss the relationship between the cokernel of generalized valuations and types of filters on MTL-algebras. Then, we give some equivalent characterizations of positive implicative generalized valuations on MTL-algebras. Finally, we characterize the structure theory of quotient MTL algebras based on the congruence relation, which is constructed by generalized valuations. The results of this paper not only generalize related theories of generalized valuations, but also enrich the algebraic conclusion of probability measure, on algebras of triangular norm based fuzzy logic.     

How synaptic plasticity affects the stochastic resonance in a modular neuronal network

Nonlinear Dynamics - This work mainly investigates how synaptic plasticity influences the stochastic resonance dynamics of delay-coupled FitzHugh–Nagumo neurons in a modular neuronal network...     

Ruthenium (II)-catalyzed synthesis of phthalides via the cascade addition and cyclization of aromatic acids with aldehydes

The ruthenium-catalyzed intermolecular cascade cyclization of aromatic acids with aromatic aldehydes, which involves the direct insertion of C–H bond into a polar C=O bond and the successive intramolecular nucleophilic substitution, was developed for the synthesis of 3-substituted phthalides in good to excellent yields. This one-pot procedure characterizes in a short reaction time, the cheaper Ru(II) as a catalyst, readily available acids and aldehydes as starting materials, and water as the only theoretical by-product.These merits make the protocol an efficient and cost-effective route for the synthesis of 3-substituted phthalides.     

Magnetic Flux Quantization of the Landau Problem

Landau problem has a very important application in modern physics, in which two-dimensional electron gas system and quantum Hall effect are outstanding. In this paper, first we review the solution of the Pauli equation, then using the single electron wave function, we calculate moving area expectations of the ideal 2-dimensional electron gas system and the per unit area’s degeneracy of the electron gas system. As a result, how to calculate the magnetic flux of the electron gas system is given. It shows that the magnetic flux of 2-dimensional electron gas system in magnetic field is quantized, and magnetic flux quantization results from the quantization of the moving area expectations of electron gas system.     

Low-temperature synthesis of BaMgAl10O17:Eu blue phosphors

Using H₃BO₃ as the flux, pure BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇:Eu²⁺ (BAM) blue phosphors were successfully prepared via a solid-state reaction. By this approach, well-crystallized submicron BAM particles were obtained at temperatures as low as 1100 °C with a sintering duration of 2 h. The sintering temperature required by this approach was at least 400 °C lower than that required by the conventional solid-state approach for preparing BAM; moreover, the sintering time required by the former approach was also considerably shorter than that required by the latter approach. These factors are expected to lower the cost for large-scale production of BAM phosphors. Crystal structures and luminescence properties of the synthesized samples were characterized by XRD and TG–DTA, and photoluminescence spectroscopy, respectively. The reactivity of an intermediate, BaAl₂O₄, is thought to be the key factor influencing the synthesis temperature for BAM.     

夫兰克-赫兹实验中影响板极电流因素浅析

通过公式与绘图比对实验测得的数据,研究电子与氩原子的夫兰克-赫兹实验中不同阴极电压、第一栅极电压、反向电压下,板极电流随加速电压的变化情况。分析板极电流发生变化的规律及原因,观察测得数据及其绘制的夫兰克-赫兹曲线找出对实验研究负向影响最小的阴极电压、第一栅极电压、反向电压的参考数值。     

Observation of fallout deposition in an outdoor swimming pool 50 km away from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant

After the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (NPP), outdoor school swimming pools at Fukushima were decontaminated to curb the redistribution of radioactivity into downstream farmlands. In the process, the radioactivity concentrations of the pool water and sediment substances (residue) were measured to estimate the deposition density of the fallout. At a pool situated 50 km away from the NPP, the average concentrations of radiocesium (^134+137Cs) for the water and residue were quantified as 170 Bq L⁻¹ and 3.6 × 10⁵ Bq kg⁻¹, respectively. Taking account of the radioactivity concentrations and of the water balance in and around the pool, the deposition density of radiocesium, as of August 2011, was precisely determined to be 0.32 ± 0.03 MBq m⁻² (k = 1). The density corroborated the previous results obtained by other methods, i.e., airborne surveys, in-situ Ge surveys and soil samplings at neighboring locations. Other than radiocesium, the only gamma-emitting nuclide detected was ^110mAg, with a concentration of 560 Bq kg⁻¹ in the residue. The radioactivity concentrations of ⁸⁹Sr, ⁹⁰Sr, ²³⁸Pu and ^239+240Pu in the water were all less than the minimum detectable activities – 2, 0.1, 0.002 and 0.002 Bq L⁻¹, respectively.     

Theoretical reflective performance of a sandwiched two-layer grating polarizer

The reflective polarizer is described by a sandwiched two-layer grating with a metal slab. Such a new polarizer is aimed to improve the performance of a reflective grating-based polarizer. The grating is optimized with the usual duty cycle of 0.5, where TE and TM polarizations are reflected in the –1st and the 0th diffraction orders, respectively. With optimized grating parameters, the extinction ratio can reach 45.5 dB and 41.9 dB in two diffraction orders, which are greatly improved compared with the conventional reported surface grating polarizer with the simple structure. Attractive merits of the new design are high efficiency, high extinction ratio, wide incident wavelength bandwidth for TE polarization, and wide angular range for TM polarization. Numerical results are expected to open new opportunities for the design of a grating-based polarizer with the enhanced performance by the complicated grating configuration.