Bayesian Analysis for Quantitative NMR Flow and Diffusion Imaging

This study demonstrates the use of a Bayesian statistical method for data analysis in practical flow and diffusion measurements based on pulsed-held-gradient magnetic-resonance imaging. In addition to providing estimates of both the velocity and the diffusion coefficient at each voxel, the technique produces reliable fitting errors for these measurements. Bayesian analysis is especially useful, compared to the Fourier transform method, for treating noisy data which are truncated and/or sparsely and nonuniformly sampled in q, the wavevector for motion encoding. Nonuniform sampling in q is shown to be more efficient than uniform sampling for velocity and diffusion measurement; it can result in smaller fitting errors for the estimated parameters corresponding to fewer q samples and hence less data-acquisition time. The specific example of laminar flow of water in a straight cylindrical tube is illustrated with experimental and simulated data.     

Interfacial self-assembly growth of mesoporous polydopamine nanofilms for formaldehyde sensing

Mesoporous polymer nanofilms combine the advantages of the unique structure of mesopores, the quasi-2D configuration of the films, and the inherent properties of polymers, and have become a kind of ideal candidate for the high-performance micro-nano devices due to their highly accessible surface area and exposed active sites. However, the facile preparation of polymer nanofilms with well-defined mesostructures has remained a great challenge due to the lack of synthetic strategies. In this study, we developed a simple soft-template interfacial co-assembly strategy to in-situ construct mesoporous polydopamine nanofilms with uniform thickness (30 nm) and regularly distributed mesopore arrays (average pore size of 12 nm) on surfaces with different types and morphologies. Furthermore, a single-layer mesoporous polymer nanofilm was directly grown on a quartz crystal microbalance substrate and its performance for sensing formaldehyde was studied. The resulted sensor showed excellent sensing response, fast response/recovery dynamics, and great stability, presenting a great promising landscape for trace detection of formaldehyde gas.     

BEEM studies on GaAs/AlxGa1–xAs quantum wire structures

Ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) was used to study laterally patterned GaAs/Al_xGa_1–xAs heterostructures. The measurements were carried out at room temperature in air as well as in liquid helium. Wet chemically etched quantum wires were identified both in topographic and BEEM current imaging. We find that the BEEM current is enhanced if ballistic electronis are injected directly into the quantum wire. The subsurface Al_xGa_1–xAs barrier influences the collector current by determining the BEEM current threshold and by influencing the Fermi level pinning position.     

Direct measurement of carrier spin relaxation times in opaque solids using the specular inverse Faraday effect

Using a spectroscopic technique based on the transient specular inverse Faraday effect (SIFE) we found the electron spin relaxation time in bulk GaAs at room temperature to be 11 ± 1 ps. The hole spin dynamics gives a SIFE signal of the opposite sign and may be resolved in the time-domain.     

Non-hermitian exact local bosonic algorithm for dynamical quarks

We present an exact version of the local bosonic algorithm for the simulation of dynamical quarks in lattice QCD. This version is based on a non-hermitian polynomial approximation of the inverse of the quark matrix. A Metropolis test corrects the systematic errors. Two variants of this test are presented. For both of them, a formal proof is given that this Monte Carlo algorithm converges to the right distribution. Simulation data are presented for different lattice parameters. The dynamics of the algorithm and its scaling in lattice volume and quark mass are investigated.     

基于Bi PLS结合Si PLS的组合权值COD浓度预测模型

水体中过高浓度的有机物含量危害巨大,不仅会造成严重的环境污染,而且危害人类身体健康,传统化学法检测水体化学需氧量(COD)的步骤繁琐且时效性差,不利于水体中COD的快速定量检测。针对这些问题,提出了一种将紫外光谱与组合权值模型相结合的快速定量检测COD方法,该组合权值模型是基于反向区间偏最小二乘法(BiPLS)结合组合区间偏最小二乘法(SiPLS)算法对紫外光谱的特征子区间筛选组合,然后依据特征子区间的权值建立的预测模型。首先按照一定的浓度梯度配制45份COD标准液样本,通过实验获取标准液的紫外光谱数据;对获取到的COD紫外光谱数据做一阶导数和S-G滤波(Savitzky-Golay)的预处理,消除基线漂移和环境干扰噪声;应用SPXY(Sample set partitioning based on jiont X-Y)算法将实验样本数据组划分成校正集和预测集。然后基于BiPLS算法对全光谱区间进行波长筛选,在BiPLS筛选过程中,目标区间的划分数量会对建模产生较大影响,于是对子区间划分数量进行优化,把子区间分成15~25个,在不同区间数下都进行偏最小二乘(PLS)建模,通过交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)来筛选最优子区间数,得到区间数为18时,模型效果最佳。从18个波长区间筛选出了6个特征波长子区间,入选的子区间为2,1,3,11,7和6,对应波长为234~240,262~268,269~275,290~296,297~303和304~310 nm,这6个特征波长区间涵盖了大量的光谱信息,对最终预测模型的贡献度大;接下来通过SiPLS算法对这6个初选区间进行进一步的筛选组合,采用不同的组合数构建不同特征区间上的PLS模型,在相同组合数下,筛选出一个区间组合数最优的结果,对比不同组合数下预测模型的误差与相关性,将6个区间筛选组合为3个特征波长区间,分别为234~240,262~275和290~310 nm,这三个特征区间最佳因子数分别为4,4和3。对传统SiPLS的特征区间组合方法进行改进,基于权值的大小来对这3个特征区间进行线性组合,代替过去特征区间直接组合的方法。通过权值公式计算出这3个特征区间的权重大小分别为0.509,0.318和0.173,最终建立线性组合权值COD浓度预测模型。为了验证组合权重预测模型的精度,另外建立了全波长范围内的PLS预测模型、单个特征波长区间的PLS预测模型、直接组合特征波长区间的PLS模型,并使用评价参数相关系数的平方(R2)、预测值与真实浓度值的均方根误差(RMSEP)和预测回收率(T)来对模型评价。验证结果表明,相比其他预测模型,组合权值模型相关系数的平方达到了0.999 7,明显优于直接组合特征区间建模的0.968 0,预测均方根误差为0.532,比直接组合特征区间的预测模型误差降低了29.3%,预测回收率为96.4%~103.1%,显著地提高了预测精度。该方法简单可行,不会产生二次污染,可为在线监测水体中COD浓度提供一定的技术支持。     

车载定位定向系统误差在线补偿方法

针对里程计输出为位置增量,传统SINS/里程计组合方法会对位置增量进行微分或积分从而会产生一定噪声或误差,且里程计标定残差影响高精度定位定向系统性能的问题,提出了一种基于位置增量组合的定位定向系统误差在线估计和补偿方法。该方法除了将惯性器件误差列入状态量外,还将里程计安装误差残差、标度因数误差等纳入状态量进行实时估计,将惯性导航系统输出的速度增量进行积分获得位置增量,同时与里程计输出位置增量进行比对,构建量测方程。设计跑车试验对该方法进行了验证,结果表明该方法可以有效估计惯性器件误差和里程计参数误差,同时相比速度组合方法而言,定位精度可提高40%。     

Limits on rough-particle sizing with low-defocus interferometric imaging

We present a rigorous theoretical model for the influence of the aperture in interferometric out-of-focus imaging. We investigate the role of this effect on the properties of speckle-like patterns generated by irregular, rough particles. Finally, we determine the conditions under which these patterns are no longer representative of particle size but of the aperture itself and the defocus parameter.     

胃癌细胞显微后向散射光谱分析

为了实验分析单个人正常胃上皮细胞与癌变细胞显微后向散射光谱的区别,结合光纤共聚焦显微成像技术和细胞散射理论,建立了一套基于光纤共聚焦的细胞检测显微光谱分析装置。该装置能够同时获取细胞显微图像和显微光谱医学信息。利用该装置测量了贴壁正常胃上皮细胞GES-1和癌变胃上皮细胞NCI-N87,得到了这两种细胞株细胞水平的显微光谱特性,其光谱具有明显的区别,说明该装置能够在细胞水平上辨别正常和癌变细胞的显微光谱。所得到的正常和癌变胃上皮细胞的显微后向散射光谱曲线与现有单核细胞散射分析结果一致,为以后的细胞水平检测癌变研究提供了必要的基础。