A flame technique to isolate the detonation/product interface relevant to rotating detonation engines

A novel experimental technique is proposed to study the detonation propagation in a layer of non-reacted gas weakly confined by combustion products. This problem is relevant to rotating detonation engines, where transverse detonations are confined by products of a previous rotation cycle, and other applications such as industrial safety. The experimental technique utilizes a flame ignited along the top wall in a long channel. The preferential growth of the flame along the long direction of the channel creates a finger flame and permits to create a narrow layer of unburned gas. A detonation ignited outside of this layer then propagates through the layer. This permits to conduct accurate observations of the detonation interaction with the inert gas and determine the boundary condition of the interaction. The present paper provides a proof-of-concept demonstration of the technique in a 3.4 m by 0.2 m channel, in which long finger flames were observed in ethylene-oxygen mixtures. The flame is visualized by high-speed direct luminosity over its entire travel, coupled with pressure measurements. A direct simulation of the flame growth served to supplement the experiments and evaluate the role of the induced flow by the flame growth, which gives rise to a non-uniform velocity distribution along the channel length. Detonation experiments were also performed at various layer heights in order to establish the details of the interaction. The structure was visualized using high speed Schlieren video. It was found that an inert shock always runs ahead of the detonation wave, which gives rise to a unique double shock reflection interaction.     

基于固定网格和拓扑导数的结构拓扑优化自适应泡泡法

为继承传统拓扑优化泡泡法变量少、精度高等优点,并克服其网格重划频繁、孔洞合并操作繁琐等不足,提出了一种基于固定网格和拓扑导数的自适应泡泡方法.该方法的主要特点是:(1)采用有限胞元固定网格分析方法计算结构力学响应,在优化过程中无需网格更新和重划分,就能保证较高的分析精度;(2)根据拓扑导数信息指导结构区域中孔洞的引入,不仅消除了优化结果对孔洞初始布局的依赖性,还能有效控制设计变量的数量;(3)引入拓扑导数阈值和孔洞影响区域新概念,实现了孔洞引入频次和位置的自适应调节,保证了拓扑优化过程的数值计算稳定性;(4)采用光滑变形隐式曲线描述孔洞边界,不仅设计参数少、变形能力强,而且便于处理孔洞间的融合/分离操作以及与固定网格分析方法的有机结合.理论分析和数值算例表明,改进后的自适应泡泡法能够消除传统泡泡法因采用拉格朗日网格和参数化B样条曲线模型而存在的实施困难,采用很少的设计变量就可获得边界光滑清晰的优化结果.      

Hamilton体系下介电弹性体圆形薄膜的动力学建模与辛求解

采用辛算法研究了Hamilton体系下介电弹性体圆形薄膜的动力学响应。首先,将该问题引入Hamilton对偶变量体系,借助Legendre变换,给出系统的广义动量和Hamilton函数,通过对Hamilton函数作用量的变分,得到Hamilton体系下的正则方程。其次,对于得到的正则方程给出了辛Runge-Kutta的计算格式。最后,采用二级四阶辛Runge-Kutta算法对动力学系统进行了数值求解,和四级四阶经典Runge-Kutta算法进行对比,结果表明,二级四阶辛Runge-Kutta算法具有保能量以及长时间数值稳定的优势,同时说明四级四阶经典Runge-Kutta算法对于步长依赖的局限性。     

Theoretical and experimental studies on the aerodynamic instability of a two-dimensional circular cylinder with a moving attachment

Rain–wind induced vibration of cables in cable-stayed bridges is a worldwide problem of great concern. The effect of the motion of water rivulets on the instability of stay cables has been recognized as one of the mechanisms of this complex phenomenon. In order to investigate how the motion of rivulets affects the unstable vibration of cables without considering the effects of axial flow and axial vortex, a real three-dimensional cable was modeled as a two-dimensional circular cylinder, around which an attachment representing the rivulet can move. This could also be regarded as a new kind of two-dimensional 2-dof dynamic system. This paper studies the aerodynamic instability of the system theoretically and experimentally. Equations governing the motions of the cylinder and the attachment are first established. The Lyapunov stability criterion is applied to the equations of motion to derive the criterion for the unstable balance angle of the attachment. Moreover, a new two-dimensional 2-dof cable model system with a movable attachment is designed and tested in a wind tunnel. Parametric studies are carried out to investigate the effects of major factors such as wind speed, frequency and damping of the dynamic system on the unstable balance angle of the rivulet attachment. Theoretical and experimental results match well. These results may be valuable in elucidating the mechanism of rain–wind induced vibration of stay cables.     

Edge cracks in plastically deforming surface grains

A selection of surface crack problems is presented to provide insights into Stage I and early Stage II fatigue crack growth. Edge cracks at 45^o and 90^o to the surface are considered for cracks growing in single crystals. Both single crystal slip and conventional plasticity are employed as constitutive models. Edge cracks at 45^o to the surface are considered that either (i) kink in the direction perpendicular to the surface, or (ii) approach a grain boundary across which only elastic deformations occur.     

ORIGIN OF HEAT EFFECTS AND SHEAR MODULUS CHANGES OF A Cu-BASED AMORPHOUS ALLOY 1)

剪切模量在非晶合金黏性流动、扩散及结构弛豫等行为中起着重要作用. 宏观剪切弹性决定非晶合金热流变化.探索非晶合金在结构弛豫和玻璃转变过程中宏观力学性能与热流的关联有助于理解其力学行为起源. 本研究基于自间隙理论对Cu$_{49}$Hf$_{42}$Al$_{9}$非晶合金热流、剪切模量及黏度进行研究,建立剪切模量与热流之间的关联. 通过测量剪切模量精确测定自间隙缺陷浓度演化规律.从能量角度出发,通过激活能图谱探索自间隙缺陷浓度对非晶合金热力学性能的影响. 借助于动态力学分析仪研究非晶合金从室温到过冷液相区的动态弛豫行为,探索物理时效引起的结构弛豫以及内耗演化规律. 研究结果表明,自间隙理论可准确描述非晶合金的弛豫动力学、剪切软化及结构弛豫诱导的力学行为. 结合热流数据可以很好描述铸态和弛豫态非晶合金剪切模量随温度演化过程,激活能图谱直观表述了单位激活能可激活的自间隙缺陷浓度. 自间隙缺陷在结构弛豫中湮灭,表现为玻璃体系结构向更稳定状态迁移.在玻璃化转变过程中,缺陷浓度显著升高伴随热吸收,表现为原子大规模协同运动和剪切软化. 物理时效诱导非晶合金内耗和原子移动性降低. 过冷液相区内原子移动性高至消除了结构弛豫影响.     

Force reconstruction based on the union of singular spectral analysis and regularization method

Abstract

To overcome the problem of some ill-posed inverse problem of force reconstruction, which is caused by the noise in the measured responses and small singular values of the structure, a technology of force reconstruction based on a hybrid method of singular spectral analysis (SSA) and the Landweber regularization method is proposed in this study for the first time. The SSA is used to filter the structural response before using Landweber regularization. A new choice method of phase space reconstruction dimension is theoretically proposed, and the minimum embedding dimension is determined by the concept of optimizing difference spectrum theory. The feasibility of this method was demonstrated through three kinds of force reconstructions. The numerical simulation results and an acoustic vibration experiment demonstrated that the proposed method is more effective than the traditional method.

Communicated by Wei-Chau Xie.     

Damage simulation of repaired composite laminate with rectangular cut-out

Repaired composite laminate with rectangular cut-out is studied by tensile experiments and FEM simulation in this paper. A user damage subroutine is implemented to ABAQUS to simulate the damage of laminate. Good agreements between experimental data and numerical results are reached. From the experiment and FEM simulation results, the integrality of composite structure is destroyed due to the existence of cut-out. However, the asymmetry of repair gets this effect farther. From damage simulation, the initiation and development of three types of damages are predicted. The matrix cracking occurs at first, fiber–matrix shear and fiber break are subsequent. The effect of matrix cracking to the carrying capacity of structure is very small, but when fiber–matrix shear and fiber break occur, dangerous to structure, the carrying capacity of structure loses rapidly.     

On the modified Green operator integral for polygonal,polyhedral and other non-ellipsoidal inclusions

A “strange” particularity of polyhedral inclusions and of fibres of regular polygonal cross sections has been recently stressed in the literature. For respectively fully or transversally isotropic elasticity of the embedding material, they have a mean and a central Green operator integral both equal to the uniform one of respectively the sphere or the cylindrical fibre. In using the Radon transform (RT) method, this particularity is here shown to be shared by much larger shape types in the same limits of material elasticity symmetry. As a subcase, even more shape types fulfill the similar particularity for material linear properties of second-rank characteristic tensor, such as thermal conductivity, magnetic or dielectric properties. When calculated using the RT method, the modified Green operator integral at any interior point of a bounded domain (inclusion) takes the form of a weighted average over an angular distribution of a single elementary operator. The weight function is geometrically defined from the characteristic function of the domain, and the four-rank or second-rank elementary operator depends on the material linear property of concern. The RT method simply shows that the noticed particularity is due to matching symmetry between the inclusion shape (through the weight function) and the material property (through the elementary operator). The general geometrical characteristics of the inclusion shapes belonging to these sphere-class and cylindrical-fibre-class are specified, and some remarkable shapes of these classes are commented.     

Bivariate empirical mode decomposition and its contribution to wind turbine condition monitoring

Accessing difficulties and harsh environments require more advanced condition monitoring techniques to ensure the high availability of offshore wind turbines. Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) has been shown to be a promising technique for meeting this need. However, EMD was developed for one-dimensional signals, unable to carry out an information fusion function which is of importance to reach a reliable condition monitoring conclusion. Therefore, bivariate empirical mode decomposition (BEMD) is investigated in this paper to assess whether it could be a better solution for wind turbine condition monitoring. The effectiveness of the proposed technique in detecting machine incipient fault is compared with EMD and a recently developed wavelet-based ‘energy tracking’ technique. Experiments have shown that the proposed BEMD-based technique is more convenient than EMD for processing shaft vibration signals, and more powerful than EMD and wavelet-based techniques in terms of processing the non-stationary and nonlinear wind turbine condition monitoring signals and detecting incipient mechanical and electrical faults.