循环荷载作用下饱和粘土中的有效应力原理的实验研究

有效应力原理是土力学中的经典理论,在土动力学中,有效应力原理的应用基本上是沿用土静力学中的方法,即通过建立合理的孔压模式,利用有效应力原理对土体的破坏进行分析。但是通过动三轴试验发现,在动三轴不固结不排水试验中,整个试验过程中孔压不发生变化,土体强度却发生了明显的衰减。这种现象利用有效应力原理无法得到合理的解释。针对这种现象,本文建议引入损伤变量D,作为反映土体结构变化的参数,对有效应力原理进行修正。经过修正后的有效应力原理反映了在循环荷载作用下,循环扰动造成的结构损伤对有效应力的影响,可以合理地解释动力作用下土体中孔压和有效应力相互转换,以及土体强度衰减的原因。     

A full spectrum k-distribution based non-gray radiative property model for unburnt char

By using the concept of weighted sum of four gray particles and spectrum k-distribution (WSGP-SK), a non-gray radiative property model for unburnt char particles is developed. Based on the carbon burnout kinetic model for structure during oxidation, and the linear mixed approximation theory for complex index of refraction, spectral radiative properties of unburnt char particles are first calculated as function of the burnout ratio by Mie theory. Referring to the full spectrum k-distribution model, k-distribution is applied to reorder absorption and scattering efficiencies of particles. Then, weighting factors and efficiency factors of the non-gray radiative property model are directly obtained from Gaussian integral points of k-distribution. The model is validated against the benchmark solutions of line-by-line (LBL) model. Maximum relative errors of this model are 3% and 15% for radiative heat fluxes and source terms in non-isothermal inhomogeneous particulate media, respectively. The assumption of linearly varying radiative properties with burnout ratio (Lockwood et al. 1986) will result in a predicted deviation of 53% for radiative source terms. Results also show that this non-gray model is remarkably better than the Planck mean method. Moreover, a satisfactory comparison with LBL solutions is achieved in the gas and particle mixture by combining the non-gray WSGG-SK model (Guo et al. 2015). As a radiation sub-model, this non-gray radiative property model can significantly improve prediction accuracy of radiative heat transfer in oxy-fuel combustion.     

基于边光滑有限元法的加筋板静力和自由振动分析

运用边光滑有限元法,研究分析了加筋板结构的静力和自由振动问题。在边光滑有限元法中,将基于边的应变光滑技术用于对原来的应变场进行光滑操作;由于应变光滑技术能够适当地软化原来过刚的有限元模型,从而能够得到更加接近于系统准确刚度的光滑有限元模型;鉴于三角形单元良好的适用性,选用三角形单元对模型进行网格划分;同时,为了解决低阶Reissner-Mindlin板单元弯曲过程中的横向剪切自锁问题,采用了一种新型的离散剪切间隙技术。算例的数值计算结果表明,与传统的有限元法相比,边光滑有限元法能够得到精度更高的计算结果,且收敛更快,计算效率更佳。     

Acoustic Transducer of Turbulent Pressure Fluctuations in a Temperature-Stratified Medium

The operation of an acoustic transducer in a temperature-stratified medium is investigated. The formation of a response of piezoceramic transducers of pressure fluctuations under the action of temperature fluctuations in a working medium on the sensor element is considered. The attenuation of the temperature signal of a pressure transducer in a turbulent boundary layer is calculated numerically. The effect of distortions of the spectral levels of pressure fluctuations detected by a sound transducer in the field of temperature inhomogeneities is investigated for the example of measurements of turbulent pressure fluctuations in a boundary layer during vertical ascent of the device to the surface from a specified depth in a deep sea.     

The computation of flow development through stationary and rotating U-ducts of strong curvature

This article presents comparisons between predictions, obtained during the course of this investigation, and recently produced measurements of the flow development through a square cross-sectioned U-bend of strong curvature, Rc/D=0.65, that is either stationary or in orthogonal rotation. For the stationary case, four turbulence models have been tested; a high-Re κ-ε model interfaced with the low-Re 1-equation model in the near-wall regions, a high-Re algebraic second-moment (ASM) closure with the low-Re 1-equation model in the near-wall regions, and two versions of a low-Re ASM model. The two low-Re ASM models return noticeably better predictions of the flow development. There is, however further scope for improvement, especially in the downstream section. Two rotating flow cases have been computed both with the axis of rotation parallel to the axis of bend curvature; one at a positive rotation number R_o≡ΩD/W_b of 0.2 and one at R_o≡-0.2. In the case of positive rotation, where the Coriolis and curvature forces reinforce each other, the flow predictions of the low-Re ASM are in very close agreement with the data. When the U-bend rotates negatively, the complex flow field generated in the downstream section is not well reproduced by the low-Re ASM model. More refined turbulence models are thus necessary when the curvature and Coriolis forces oppose each other.     

碳纤维布载三维网状聚苯胺在RCl(R=H,Li,Na,K)水溶液中的电容性能对比

通过电化学聚合法制备了碳纤维布载三维网状聚苯胺电极,采用扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪和X射线光电子能谱仪观察了电极形貌,并分析了电极表面特征基团。 接着,对比研究了该电极在4种RCl(R=H,Li,Na,K)水溶液中的电容性能。 电化学测试表明,在KCl中的电势窗口(1.8 V)大于在HCl和LiCl中的电势窗口,且在KCl中的比电容(501 F/g@0.5 A/g)远远大于NaCl中的比电容;即使在10 A/g的充放电电流下,电极在KCl溶液中的能量密度仍高于HCl溶液中2.0 A/g下的能量密度,因此KCl为聚苯胺基电容器最佳的电解质类型。 本文通过简单地改变水系溶液中电解质的种类,即可达到拓宽电势窗口、显著提升电化学电容器能量密度的目的,避免了使用有机溶液带来的物理化学稳定性差、污染环境的问题。     

Vortex damping of sloshing in tanks with baffles

The problem of damping the sloshing in tanks with sharp-edged baffles (thin inserts which partially span a longitudinal or transverse cross-section) is considered. Separation of the boundary layer and the formation of vortices occur at these sharp edges. It is assumed that the domains where there is significant vortex motion of the fluid are localized in small neighbourhoods of the sharp edges of the baffles. The non-linear vortex damping is determined from the distribution of the velocity intensity factors at these sharp edges in the same way as the linear damping, caused by the dissipation of energy in a boundary layer close to a wall, is determined from the fluid velocity distribution on the walls of a cavity. Both of the above-mentioned distributions are calculated by solving the same boundary-value problem on the oscillations of an ideal fluid. The second of the distributions characterizes the singular properties of the solutions of this problem on particular lines. A method based on the variation of the area of the baffles, which simplifies the calculation of the velocity intensity factors is described. The distinctive features arising when the method of finite elements is used are considered. The results of numerical calculations of the damping of sloshing in a cylindrical tank with a ring baffle are compared with experimental data.     

等效分析法在分析老龄化船舶抗碰撞性能中的应用

为了简化评估结构疲劳损伤后的抗碰撞性能,仿照结构蠕变分析中的等时应力-应变曲线的思想,提出了一种基于应变等效的等效分析法,并与通常的一般分析方法进行了比较。对比分析结果表明:等效分析法与通常的一般分析方法模拟的结构最大抗破坏作用力几乎相同,并且两者模拟的结构破坏能相对误差较小。这验证了等效分析法的有效性,说明等效分析法可用于船舶全寿命期内抗碰撞性能的快速评估。     

Finite element for the dynamic analysis of pipes subjected to water hammer

An axisymmetric finite element is developed for the dynamic analysis of pipes subjected to water hammer. The analysis seamlessly captures the pipe response due to water hammer by solving first the water hammer mass and momentum conservation equations, to recover the spatial–temporal distribution of the internal pressure, and then uses the predicted pressure history to form a time-dependent energy equivalent load vector within a finite element model. The study then determines the pipe response by solving the finite element discretized equations of motion. The formulation of the pipe response is based on Hamilton’s principle in conjunction with a thin shell theory formulation, and captures inertial and damping effects. The results predicted by the model are shown to be in agreement with those based on an axisymmetric shell model in Abaqus for static, free vibration and transient responses for benchmark problems. The water hammer and structural models are seamlessly integrated to enable advancing the transient solution well into the time domain to capture the effect of reflected pressure wave due to water hammer. The results indicate that the radial stress/displacement oscillations approach those of the quasi-steady response when the valve closure time exceeds eight times the period of radial vibrations obtained for the case of instantaneous valve closure.