A new method for computing turbulence in compressible laminar-turbulent transition and boundary layers--PSE＋DNS

A new method for computing laminar-turbulent transition and turbulence in compressible boundary layers is proposed. It is especially useful for computation of laminar-turbulent transition and turbulence starting from small-amplitude disturbances. The laminar stage, up to the beginning of the breakdown in laminar-turbulent transition, is computed by parabolized stability equations (PSE). The direct numerical simulation (DNS) method is used to compute the transition process and turbulent flow, for which the inflow condition is provided by using the disturbances obtained by PSE method up to that stage. In the two test cases incfuding a subsonic and a supersonic boundary layer, the transition locations and the turbulent flow obtained with this method agree well with those obtained by using only DNS method for the whole process. The computational cost of the proposed method is much less than using only DNS method.     

圆柱尾流雷诺应力与平均运动变形率的空间弛豫效应

针对圆柱尾流中沿流向存在的Karman涡街周期性涡旋结构,对湍流雷诺应力与平均运动变形率之间的空间弛豫效应进行了实验研究.在回流式水槽中,放入不同直径的圆柱模型,获得不同雷诺数下的圆柱尾流,利用二维高时间分辨率粒子图像测速(TRPIV)技术测量圆柱尾流二维瞬时速度空间分布图像的时间序列.经过数字图像处理,获得二维雷诺应...     

TRPIV investigation of space-time correlation in turbulent flows over flat and wavy walls

The present experimental work is devoted to in- vestigate a new space-time correlation model for the turbulent boundary layer over a flat and a wavy walls. A turbulent boundary layer flow at Reo = 2460 is measured by tomographic time-resolved particle image velocimetry （Tomo-TRPIV）. The space-time correlations of instantaneous streamwise fluctuation velocity are calculated at 3 different wall-normal locations in logarithmic layer. It is found that the scales of coherent structure increase with moving far away from the wall. The growth of scales is a manifestation of the growth of prevalent coherent structures in the turbulent boundary layer like hairpin vortex or hairpin packets when they lift up. The resulting contours of the space-time correlation exhibit elliptic-like shapes rather than straight lines. It is suggested that, instead of Taylor hypothesis, the elliptic model of the space-time correlation is valid for the wallbounded turbulent flow over either a flat wall or a wavy wall. The elliptic iso-correlation curves have a uniform preferred orientation whose slope is determined by the convection velocity. The convection velocity derived from the space-time correlation represents the velocity at which the large-scale eddies carry small-scale eddies. The sweep velocity rep- resents the distortions of the small-scale eddies and is intimately associated with the fluctuation velocity in the logarithmic layer of turbulent boundary layers. The nondimensionalized correlation curves confirm that the elliptic model is more proper for approximating the space-time correlation than Taylor hypothesis, because the latter can not embody the small-scale motions which have non-negligible distortions. A second flow over a wavy wall is also recorded using TRPIV. Due to the combined effect of shear layers and the adverse pressure gradient, the space-time correlation does not show an elliptic-like shape at some specific heights over the wavy wall, but in the outer region of the wavy wallbounded flow, the elliptic model remai     

碳纳米管应变传感器的性能分析:传感介质与制备工艺

利用碳纳米管拉曼特征峰位对其变形的灵敏特性,基于拉曼光谱的碳纳米管应变传感方法,已经实现了针对非拉曼活性固体材料表面微尺度范围内的平面应变分量非接触传感测量。本文侧重该方法在微尺度实验力学研究中的推广应用,从传感介质和制备工艺的选择出发,采用改进后的三种不同工艺,制备了碳纳米管/环氧树脂复合薄膜作为传感介质;综合零载标定实验和步进单轴拉伸标定实验的实测结果,对比分析了不同工艺获得传感介质的应变传感灵敏度、量程、稳定性和时间分辨率四个关键性能指标;最后对传感性能的影响因素进行了探讨。     

ELASTIC BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS OF 3D ANGLE-INTERLOCK WOVEN CERAMIC COMPOSITES

A micromechanical model for elastic behavior analysis of angle-interlock woven ceramic composites is proposed in this paper. This model takes into account the actual fabric structure by considering the fiber undulation and continuity in space, the cavities between adjacent yarns and the actual cross-section geometry of the yarn. Based on the laminate theory, the elastic properties of 3D angle-interlock woven ceramic composites are predicted. Different numbers of interlaced wefts have almost the same elastic moduli. The thickness of ceramic matrix has little effect on elastic moduli. When the undulation ratio increases longitudinal modulus decreases and the other Young's moduli increase. Good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed model in analyzing the elastic properties of 3D angle-interlock woven ceramic composites. The results of this paper verify the fact that the method of analyzing polyester matrix composites is suitable for woven ceramic composites.     

雷诺应力各向异性涡黏模型的层析TRPIV测量

利用层析TRPIV测量水洞中平板湍流边界层3D-3C速度场的高分辨率时间序列数据库. 提出了空间局部平均多尺度速度结构函数的新概念, 描述湍流多尺度涡结构的空间拉伸、压缩、剪切变形和旋转. 用空间局部平均多尺度速度结构函数对湍流脉动速度进行了空间多尺度分解. 用空间流向局部平均多尺度速度结构函数, 根据湍流多尺度涡结构在流向的拉伸和压缩物理特征, 提出了新的湍流相干结构条件采样方法, 检测并提取了层析TRPIV数据中相干结构“喷射”和“扫掠”事件中的脉动速度、平均速度变形率、雷诺应力等物理量的空间拓扑形态. 通过研究平均速度变形率各分量与雷诺应力各分量之间的空间相位差异,肯定了壁湍流相干结构雷诺应力各向异性复涡黏模型的合理性.      

扩展数字图像相关方法中裂尖位移函数的表征研究

探寻适用于扩展数字图像相关方法(X-DIC)的裂纹尖端位移函数,对于提高该方法在裂尖测试精度方面具有重要意义。本文基于断裂力学裂纹尖端位移场函数,进行主导项影响分析,并探究裂尖位移函数中各项及其组合项对位移场表征的贡献程度及对测试精度的影响。通过对I型、II型及混合型裂纹进行测试,发现各项及其组合项在不同裂纹类型测试中的影响有着较大区别,从而得出在X-DIC测试计算中影响裂尖位移场表征的主导项。最后,应用上述研究成果对某航空超硬铝合金的单边裂纹进行拉伸测试。     

In-situ Strain Field Measurement and Mechano-electro-chemical Analysis of Graphite Electrodes Via Fluorescence Digital Image Correlation

Background

Mechano-electro-chemical coupling during the ion diffusion process is a core factor to determine the electrochemical performance of electrodes. However, relationship between the mechanics and the electrochemistry has not been clarified by experiments.

Objective

In this work, we conduct an in situ, visual, comprehensive characterization of strain field and Li concentration distribution to further explore the mechano-electro-chemical relationship.

Methods

The digital image correlation characterized by fluorescent speckle and active optical imaging is developed. Combined with electrochromic-based Li concentration detection, the spatiotemporal evolution of in-plane strain and Li concentration of a graphite electrode during the lithiation and delithiation processes are measured and displayed visually via a dual optical path acquisition system.

Results

The visual results show that in-plane strain and Li concentration possess a spatially non-uniform gradient distribution along the radial direction (i.e., diffusion path) with large values outside and small values inside, and that both present obvious temporal segmentation. And mechano-electro-chemical coupling analysis reveals that the in-plane strain is not always linearly related to the concentration and infers that a high strain limits the diffusion and lithiation. The strain–concentration evolution exhibits obvious asymmetric differences between lithiation and delithiation, wherein three equations are fitted to approximately represent the evolution process between in-plane strain and concentration during the lithiation and delithiation processes

Conclusions

This work overcomes the difficulties of fine strain measurements and collaborative concentration characterization during the electrochemical process, and provides an effective experimental method and data support for further exploration of mechano-electro-chemical coupling.

     

Multi-Scale Experiments and Interfacial Mechanical Modeling of Carbon Nanotube Fiber

The multi-scale deformation and interfacial mechanical behavior of carbon nanotube fibers with multi-level structures are investigated by experimental and theoretical methods. Multi-scale experiments including uniaxial tensile testing, in situ Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy are conducted to measure the mechanical response of multi-level structures within the fiber under tension. A two-level interfacial mechanical model is then presented to analyze the interfacial bonding strength of mesoscopic bundles and microscopic nanotubes. The evolution characteristics of multi-scale deformation of the fiber are described based on experimental characterization and interfacial strength analysis. The strengthening mechanism of the fiber is further studied. Comprehensive analysis shows that the property of multi-level interfaces is a critical factor for the fiber strength and toughness. Finally, the method of improving the mechanical properties of fiber-based materials is discussed. The result can be used to guide multi-level interface engineering of carbon nanotube fibers and fiber-based composites to produce high performance materials.