Effects of Fatty Alcohols with Different Chain Lengths on the Performance of Low pH Biomass-Based Foams for Radioactive Decontamination

Compared with polymers and nanoparticles, fatty alcohols can not only increase the stability of foam, but also maintain better foamability at pH < 2, which is beneficial to reduce waste liquid and increase decontamination efficiency for radioactive surface pollution. However, different fatty alcohols have different hydrophobic chain lengths. The effects of fatty alcohols with different chain lengths on the performance of decontamination foam were studied at pH < 2, to assist in the selection of suitable fatty alcohols as foam stabilizers. Combined with betaine surfactant and phytic acid, biomass-based foams were synthesized using fatty alcohols with different chain lengths. When the hydrophobic tail groups of the fatty alcohol and the surfactant were the same, the foam showed the best performance, including the lowest surface tension, the highest liquid film strength, the greatest sag-resistance and the best stability. However, when the hydrophobic tail groups were different, the space between adjacent surface active molecules was increased by thermal motion of the excess terminal tail segments (a tail-wagging effect), and the adsorption density reduced on the gas-liquid interface, leading to increased surface tension and decreased liquid film strength, sag-resistance and stability. The use of decontamination foam stabilized by fatty alcohols with the same hydrophobic group as the surfactant was found to increase the decontamination rate of radioactive uranium pollution from 64 to over 90% on a vertical surface.     

A Sensitive and Selective Colorimetric Method Based on the Acetylcholinesterase-like Activity of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 and Its Applications

In this study, a simple colorimetric method was established to detect copper ion (Cu²⁺), sulfathiazole (ST), and glucose based on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-like activity of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8). The AChE-like activity of ZIF-8 can hydrolyze acetylthiocholine chloride (ATCh) to thiocholine (TCh), which will further react with 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) to generate 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid (TNB) that has a maximum absorption peak at 405 nm. The effects of different reaction conditions (buffer pH, the volume of ZIF-8, reaction temperature and time, and ATCh concentration) were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the value of the Michaelis-Menten constant (K_m) is measured to be 0.83 mM, which shows a high affinity toward the substrate (ATCh). Meanwhile, the ZIF-8 has good storage stability, which can maintain more than 80.0% of its initial activity after 30 days of storage at room temperature, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of batch-to-batch (n = 3) is 5.1%. The linear dependences are obtained based on the AChE-like activity of ZIF-8 for the detection of Cu²⁺, ST, and glucose in the ranges of 0.021–1.34 and 5.38–689.66 µM, 43.10–517.24 µM, and 0.0054–1.40 mM, respectively. The limit of detections (LODs) are calculated to be 20.00 nM, 9.25 µM, and 5.24 µM, respectively. Moreover, the sample spiked recoveries of Cu²⁺ in lake water, ST in milk, and glucose in strawberry samples were measured, and the results are in the range of 98.4–115.4% with the RSD (n = 3) lower than 3.3%. In addition, the method shows high selectivity in the real sample analysis.     

Surface differences of oxide nanocrystals determined by geometry and exogenously coordinated water molecules

Determining the different surfaces of oxide nanocrystals is key in developing structure–property relations. In many cases, only surface geometry is considered while ignoring the influence of surroundings, such as ubiquitous water on the surface. Here we apply ¹⁷O solid-state NMR spectroscopy to explore the facet differences of morphology-controlled ceria nanocrystals considering both geometry and water adsorption. Tri-coordinated oxygen ions at the 1^st layer of ceria (111), (110), and (100) facets exhibit distinct ¹⁷O NMR shifts at dry surfaces while these ¹⁷O NMR parameters vary in the presence of water, indicating its non-negligible effects on the oxide surface. Thus, the interaction between water and oxide surfaces and its impact on the chemical environment should be considered in future studies, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a sensitive approach for obtaining such information. The work provides new insights into elucidating the surface chemistry of oxide nanomaterials.

Both atomic geometry and the influence of surroundings (e.g., exogenously coordinated water) are key issues for determining the chemical environment of oxide surfaces, whereas the latter is usually ignored and should be considered in future studies.     

免跟踪透射式太阳聚光器的设计

针对目前太阳聚光器中因为自动跟踪系统故障率高导致使用成本大幅度增加的主要制约因素,在多年来探讨有效提高太阳能密度的基础上,提出了免跟踪线性菲涅尔透射式太阳聚光器设计的新思路,并对其结构形式和工作原理进行了阐述.     

考虑线损电量优化分布的配电网线路最优组合模型

为了解决高耗能、低功率因数等负荷情况下传统降损措施难以满足线损率要求的问题,实现基于网络的线损管理方法,提出了一种配电网线路最优组合模型。阐述了线损电量优化分布方法在线损管理工作中的应用场景及解决的问题,并根据场景及应用需求,构建了线路最优组合模型。针对核心模块提出线路最优组合算法,以组合后线损率满足考核要求的线路数量最大化为目标,以线损率考核标准为约束条件,利用建模工具进行求解。算例结果表明:该模型能够有效确定配电网高损负荷的转移方向,为后续的网络重构、网络规划等工作提供可靠的依据。     

马赫杆加载下无氧铜的动态破碎

为了深入了解金属材料在复杂加载下的动态破碎行为,在有限元模拟的基础上,设计了两类马赫杆加载实验,用于研究无氧铜在复杂加载下的动态破碎行为。实验中,采用火炮加载马赫透镜和激光粒子速度干涉仪测量自由面速度,实现了峰值压力分别为95.75和32.38 GPa的动态加载。结果表明,实验中成功实现了稳定的马赫杆加载,并且观察到马赫杆加载下无氧铜的2种不同近表面破碎模式,即高压下产生微层裂、低压下产生三角波层裂,且层裂区呈凸形分布。

     

对氮掺杂二氧化钛抗菌剂中氮元素含量测定的不确定度评定

利用有机元素分析仪,对氮掺杂二氧化钛中氮元素的含量进行了测定,评定了其测量不确定度。分析了测定过程中的不确定度的来源,并对不确定度的各个分量进行了评定,给出了测定结果的合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果表明:不确定度可表示为(1.21±0.16)%,k=2,其中校准曲线对不确定度的影响最大。     

非齐次马氏链缺失数据一元函数的强大数定律

为研究非齐次马氏链缺失数据一元函数的强大数定律. 首先给出了非齐次马氏链缺失数据的一个定义,由这个定义说明作为非齐次马氏链的子列,缺失数据显然也具有马氏性.在前人研究马氏链收敛性的基础上,通过鞅差收敛定理给出非齐次马氏链缺失数据一元函数平均极限定理,再由这个极限定理,给出了非齐次马氏链缺失数据的一元函数满足强大数定律的一个充分条件和几个推论.     

新型双阈值高g值MEMS惯性开关（英）

在保证引信勤务安全性和正常发射可靠性前提下,为实现引信小型化而设计了一种新型无源双阈值高g值MEMS惯性开关,其主要包括能够识别两种典型加速度环境（载荷1:15 000g-300 ms,载荷2：3000g-3 ms）的环境识别模块M1和为后续电路可靠供电的通电模块M2。环境识别模块M1主要通过控制带有Z型齿的质量块与对应L型挡块之间的碰撞来确定质量块的运动位移,进而控制通电模块M2的工作情况。基于两种典型加速度环境对MEMS惯性开关进行了动力学仿真并优化,仿真结果表明所设计的开关在载荷1环境下保持断开,而在载荷2环境下可靠闭合。