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31.
Modified nucleosides in human serum. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
E P Mitchell L Evans P Schultz R Madsen J W Yarbro C W Gehrke K Kuo 《Journal of chromatography. A》1992,581(1):31-40
Methylated purines and pyrimidines derived from the degradation of transfer ribonucleic acid have been shown to be excreted in abnormal amounts in the urine of patients with cancer. Recent technology developed by Gehrke and Kuo has allowed the separation and quantification of modified nucleosides in serum using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array measurement. Serum levels of ten modified nucleosides were measured in 37 normal healthy adults to establish normal values and to correlate activity with age and sex. In addition, serum levels of patients with several malignancies were measured to determine activity in these diseases. Levels of modified nucleosides in normal individuals were consistently reproducible and showed no significant variation among males versus females or with age. Patients with malignant diseases showed consistent elevations and these were highest in patients with more advanced disease. The evidence of no significant differences in the mean levels of modified nucleosides in serum with age or sex in normal adults and elevations in patients with malignancies demonstrate the potential value of modified nucleosides as cancer biomarkers. 相似文献
32.
A. Krause M. Uhlemann A. Gebert L. Schultz 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》2007,11(6):679-685
The present work demonstrates the possibilities and the limits of the in situ electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy
for investigation of nucleation processes in magnetic fields on the examples of Cu and Co electrodeposition onto Au(111) electrodes
from sulfate electrolytes with pH 3. Cyclic voltammograms of Cu in the underpotential range (UPD) exhibit no significant change
in the cathodic and anodic peaks recorded in magnetic fields parallel to the surface. In magnetic fields of a permanent magnet,
the reconstruction of Au has been annihilated during UPD of Cu. In the overpotential range, the dissolution of Cu is inhibited.
This triggers the formation of a Cu–Au surface alloy. The UPD deposition of Co onto Au(111) could be proven without magnetic
field, which leads to the formation of two monolayers. The nucleation in an applied field could not be observed due to higher
induced fluctuations and microconvective effects.
Contribution to special issue “Magnetic field effects in Electrochemistry”. 相似文献
33.
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35.
We present a database of 21 bond dissociation energies for breaking metal-ligand bonds. The molecules in the metal-ligand bond energy database are AgH, CoH, CoO+, CoOH+, CrCH3+, CuOH2+, FeH, Fe(CO)5, FeO, FeS, LiCl, LiO, MgO, MnCH3NiCH2+, Ni(CO)4, RhC, VCO+, VO, and VS. We have also created databases of metal-ligand bond lengths and atomic ionization potentials. The molecules used for bond lengths are AgH, BeO, CoH, CoO+, FeH, FeO, FeS, LiCl, LiO, MgO, RhC, VO, and VS and the ionization potentials are for the following atoms: C, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, O, and V. The data were chosen based on their diversity and expected reliability, and they are used along with three previously developed databases (transition metal dimer bond energies and bond lengths and main-group molecular atomization energies) for assessing the accuracy of several kinds of density functionals. In particular, we report tests for 42 previously defined functionals: 2 local spin density approximation (LSDA) functionals, 14 generalized gradient approximation (GGA) methods, 13 hybrid GGA methods, 7 meta GGA methods, and 8 hybrid meta GGA methods. In addition to these functionals, we also examine the effectiveness of scaling the correlation energy by testing 13 functionals with scaled or no gradient-corrected correlation energy, and we find that functionals of this kind are more accurate for metal-metal and metal-ligand bonds than any of the functionals already in the literature. We also present a readjusted GGA and a hybrid GGA with parameters adjusted for metals. When we consider these 57 functionals for metal-ligand and metal-metal bond energies simultaneously with main-group atomization energies, atomic ionization potentials, and bond lengths we find that the most accurate functional is G96LYP, followed closely by MPWLYP1M (new in this article), XLYP, BLYP, and MOHLYP (also new in this article). Four of these five functionals have no Hartree-Fock exchange, and the other has only 5%. As a byproduct of this work we introduce a convenient diagnostic, called the B1 diagnostic, for ascertaining the multireference character in a bond. 相似文献
36.
Although chemists can synthesize virtually any small organic molecule, our ability to rationally manipulate the structures of proteins is quite limited, despite their involvement in virtually every life process. For most proteins, modifications are largely restricted to substitutions among the common 20 amino acids. Herein we describe recent advances that make it possible to add new building blocks to the genetic codes of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Over 30 novel amino acids have been genetically encoded in response to unique triplet and quadruplet codons including fluorescent, photoreactive, and redox-active amino acids, glycosylated amino acids, and amino acids with keto, azido, acetylenic, and heavy-atom-containing side chains. By removing the limitations imposed by the existing 20 amino acid code, it should be possible to generate proteins and perhaps entire organisms with new or enhanced properties. 相似文献
37.
Chin JW Santoro SW Martin AB King DS Wang L Schultz PG 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2002,124(31):9026-9027
We report the selection of a new orthogonal aminoacyl tRNA synthetase/tRNA pair for the in vivo incorporation of a photocrosslinker, p-azido-l-phenylalanine, into proteins in response to the amber codon, TAG. The amino acid is incorporated in good yield with high fidelity and can be used to crosslink interacting proteins. 相似文献
38.
Schultz J Gottlieb DM Petersen M Nesic L Jacobsen S Søndergaard I 《Electrophoresis》2004,25(3):502-511
Methods for classification of two-dimensional (2-DE) electrophoresis gels based on multivariate data analysis are demonstrated. Two-dimensional gels of ten wheat varieties are analyzed and it is demonstrated how to classify the wheat varieties in two qualities and a method for initial screening of gels is presented. First, an approach is demonstrated in which no prior knowledge of the separated proteins is used. Alignment of the gels followed by a simple transformation of data makes it possible to analyze the gels in an automated explorative manner by principal component analysis, to determine if the gels should be further analyzed. A more detailed approach is done by analyzing spot volume lists by principal components analysis and partial least square regression. The use of spot volume data offers a mean to investigate the spot pattern and link the classified protein patterns to distinct spots on the gels for further investigation. The explorative approach in analysis of 2-D gels makes it possible, in a fast and convenient way, to screen many gels in order to determine the protein patterns that form clusters and could be selected for further examination. 相似文献
39.
Time-of-flight (TOF) and electrostatic sector analysis (ESA) have been used to measure particles scattered and sputtered by direct recoils and surface recoils during 3 keV Ar+ and 6 keV Ar2+ bombardment of CsBr at forward and backscattering angles. Charge fractions of scattered argon and recoiling surface atoms are obtained. Hydrogen and oxygen surface impurities are detected predominantly as directly recoiled neutrals. 相似文献
40.
G. E. Yefchak G. A. Schultz J. Allison C. G. Enke J. F. Holland 《Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry》1990,1(6):440-447
The pulsed ion sources used in conventional time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) generally do not provide adequate resolving power across the mass range required for applications such as gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Theoretical and experimental aspects of beam deflection techniques, which provide time encoding for TOFMS with continuous ions sources, are explored here. In this approach, ion source conditions do not affect resolving power, allowing for a greater variety of ionization modes to be used. Theoretical predictions for the resolving power attainable with beam deflection, which are satisfactory for GC/MS applications, agree well with experimentally determined values. The combination of GC-beam deflection-TOFMS with time-array detection is evaluated, and the capabilities of this system are compared to those of scanning mass spectrometers. 相似文献