全文获取类型
收费全文 | 12809篇 |
免费 | 1507篇 |
国内免费 | 1489篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 6028篇 |
晶体学 | 94篇 |
力学 | 509篇 |
综合类 | 104篇 |
数学 | 990篇 |
物理学 | 2685篇 |
综合类 | 5395篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 47篇 |
2023年 | 225篇 |
2022年 | 356篇 |
2021年 | 412篇 |
2020年 | 423篇 |
2019年 | 365篇 |
2018年 | 334篇 |
2017年 | 327篇 |
2016年 | 468篇 |
2015年 | 471篇 |
2014年 | 664篇 |
2013年 | 826篇 |
2012年 | 923篇 |
2011年 | 990篇 |
2010年 | 721篇 |
2009年 | 759篇 |
2008年 | 879篇 |
2007年 | 808篇 |
2006年 | 656篇 |
2005年 | 652篇 |
2004年 | 495篇 |
2003年 | 378篇 |
2002年 | 420篇 |
2001年 | 353篇 |
2000年 | 309篇 |
1999年 | 328篇 |
1998年 | 314篇 |
1997年 | 289篇 |
1996年 | 265篇 |
1995年 | 245篇 |
1994年 | 213篇 |
1993年 | 168篇 |
1992年 | 156篇 |
1991年 | 136篇 |
1990年 | 103篇 |
1989年 | 96篇 |
1988年 | 83篇 |
1987年 | 56篇 |
1986年 | 31篇 |
1985年 | 26篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1959年 | 1篇 |
1957年 | 3篇 |
1955年 | 1篇 |
1936年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 996 毫秒
991.
秦蓓 《曲靖师范学院学报》2007,26(5):4-6
高校中存在着"非正式组织",它的存在具有客观性,是正式组织的依附体。在分析大学生非正式组织的类型、特征及发展趋势的基础上,认为大学生工作者有必要细致了解非正式组织情况,才能以科学的方法对非正式组织进行有效地管理和引导,以便培养更多优秀人才目标的实现。 相似文献
992.
为全面了解ABAQU S有限元软件中混凝土弥散开裂模型分析混凝土材料和构件的能力,用该模型对混凝土材料的单轴、双轴应力状态下力学性能以及构件的抗弯、抗剪性能进行模拟,并与试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明,混凝土弥散开裂模型能较精确地模拟单轴受拉和受压、双轴受压和双轴拉压应力状态下混凝土的力学性能,也能较好地预测钢筋混凝土构件的抗弯和抗剪性能及其相应的破坏形态,但不能很好地描述混凝土双轴受拉应力状态下材料的力学性能,也不能反映体积应变发展变化的规律。 相似文献
993.
对广泛应用于工程设计、非线性系统鲁棒稳定性分析中的广义几何规划问题(GGP)提出一线性化求解方法.使用指数变换并利用分段线性化技术转变指数项为一些带绝对值项的和,再将绝对值项线性化,最终将原问题转化为一个容易求解的线性规划问题.数值实验表明本文方法是可行的,能近似地求得(GGP)的全局最优解. 相似文献
994.
Wen Zhang Jing Jiang Chunhua Qin Lisa M. Pérez Alan R. Parrish Stephen H. Safe 《Supramolecular chemistry》2013,25(7-8):607-616
Three criteria are evaluated to assess the potential of a dendrimer based on triazines, 1, for use as a vehicle for drug delivery. These criteria are: (1) its ability to solubilize small hydrophobic guests as measured spectrophotometrically; (2) its ability to deliver a drug in vitro as evaluated using a gene reporter assay; and (3) its in vivo toxicity in mice as determined by autopsy and screens of liver and kidney function. Vehicle 1 solubilizes pyrene to a similar extent to dendrimers based on poly(arylether)s, 4, encapsulating approximately 0.2 molecules of pyrene per dendrimer. This activity is approximately 10-fold greater than that of the more polar poly(propyleneimine) and poly(amidoamine) dendrimers, 2 and 3. Gas-phase computational models reveal that both 1 and 4 have cores that are accessible to solvent, suggesting that these dendrimers can occupy much greater volumes than 2 and 3 whose cores are confined toward the interior of the structure. Electrostatic potential maps can be used to rationalize differences in solubilization between 1 and 4. Precipitation results from mixing cationic 1 with the anionic indomethacin, but not with methotrexate, suggesting that the composition of the drug may dictate the scope of delivery applications. Dendrimer 1 solubilizes 10-hydroxycamptothecin and a novel bisindolemethane; approximately four and five molecules of drug per dendrimer are solubilized, respectively. In cell-culture experiments using a luciferase reporter gene assay, the dendrimer:bisindolemethane conjugate shows comparable activity to the bisindolemethane delivered in aqueous DMSO, suggesting that the dendrimer does not preclude delivery of the molecule to an intracellular target. Preliminary toxicology studies of 1 in mice show that this molecule has no adverse toxicity to the kidneys or the liver in single doses delivered intraperitoneally up to 10?mg/kg. 相似文献
995.
Hongmei Qin Lisheng Li Tianxiang Liang Xiaobin Peng Junbiao Peng Yong Cao 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2013,51(7):1565-1572
Four new donor–acceptor (donor) [D–A(D)], PBDT‐PTQ, PBDT‐PTTQ, PBDT‐TQ, and PBDT‐TTQ, bearing the same backbone of alternative benzodithiophene (BDT) and quinoxaline units but with phenylene thienyl, phenylene di‐thienyl, thienyl and di‐thienyl groups (other donors), respectively, at the acceptor quinoxaline units, were designed and synthesized to investigate the impacts of the conjugated side chains at the acceptor units on the photovoltaic properties of polymers. The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the polymer solar cells (PSCs) based on PBDT‐TQ:[6,6]‐phenyl‐C‐70‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) and PBDT‐PTQ:PC70BM reach to 4.39 and 3.58%, respectively, which are 43 and 17% higher, respectively, than that of a reported alkylphenyl substituted polymer with the same main chain. However, the PCEs based on PBDT‐TTQ and PBDT‐PTTQ, in which an additional thiophene is added at a side chain of PBDT‐TQ and PBDT‐PTQ, respectively, decline. The mechanism how the conjugated side chains affect the performance of the PSCs is also discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013 相似文献
996.
This paper investigates the influences of wind speed and of heat-convection coefficient on the temperature prediction of a slab. Numerical calculation of a slab temperature found that wind speed varies the slab temperature in a degree of 2–10 °C. More varying degrees occur at midday and in sunny day but less, at midnight and in a cloud day. These degrees also depend on the used heat-convection coefficients, which have different values in different models. Special emphases are paid to unearth the correlation between different heat convection coefficients and find the best alternative in the slab-temperature prediction. 相似文献
997.
Hongwei Lu Yusheng Qin Xianhong Wang Xiangguang Yang Suobo Zhang Fosong Wang 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2011,49(17):3797-3804
Recently, rare earth ternary coordination catalyst represented as Y(CCl3OO)3‐Glycerin‐ZnEt2 has been used for producing poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC, an alternating copolymer of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide) in industry scale, but its catalytic activity needs further improvement. One reason for the relatively low catalytic activity lied in that only 11.7% of active center was efficient due to possible embedding of active center in the heterogeneous catalyst. In this report, supporting strategy was developed, where Y(CCl3OO)3‐Glycerin‐ZnEt2 was supported on various inorganic oxides. Two supporting methods were carried out. One way was to mix Y(CCl3OO)3‐Glycerin with inorganic oxide first and then ZnEt2 was dropped to form the supported catalyst, and the other was to make Y(CCl3OO)3‐Glycerin‐ZnEt2 at first and then mixing with inorganic oxides. The former showed decreasing catalytic activity compared with corresponding unsupported rare earth ternary catalyst, while an improvement of 16–36% in catalytic activity was realized in the latter. PPC with an average number molecular weight (Mn) of over 100 kg/mol and carbonate unit (CU) content of higher than 96% was prepared by both supported catalysts. The catalytic activity of the supported catalyst depended significantly on the supports, which increased in the following order: α‐Al2O3 < MgO < ZnO ≈ SiO2 <γ‐Al2O3. γ‐Al2O3 was the best support for rare earth ternary catalyst, which showed a remarkable 36% increase in catalytic activity, corresponding to the utilization of 17% of active center. Although MgO supported catalyst gave only an 8% increase in catalytic activity, the Mn and CU content of PPC were raised to about 143 kg/mol and 99%, whereas the PPC from common rare earth ternary catalyst was about 108 kg/mol and 97%, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011 相似文献
998.
Qiang Peng Xiangju Liu Yuancheng Qin Dan Zhou Jun Xu 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2011,49(20):4458-4467
A new series of low‐bandgap copolymers based on electron‐accepting thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazine (TPZ) and different electron‐donating aza‐heteroaromatic units, such as carbazole (CZ), dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole (TPR) and dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐e]pyridine (TPY), have been synthesized by Suzuki or Stille coupling polymerization. The resulting copolymers were characterized by NMR, elemental analysis, gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. UV–vis absorption and cyclic voltammetry measurements show that TPZ‐based copolymer with TPR has the best absorption due to the strongest intramolecular charge transfer effect and smallest bandgap. The basic electronic structure of D‐A model compounds of these copolymers were also studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The conclusion of calculation agreed also well with the experimental results. The polymer solar cells (PSCs) based on these copolymers were fabricated with a typical structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/copolymer:PC71BM/Ca/Al under the illumination of AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm?2. The performance results showed that TPZ‐based copolymer with TPR donor segments showed highest efficiency of 1.55% due to enhanced short‐circuit current density. The present results indicate that good electronic, optical, and photovoltaic properties of TPZ‐based copolymers can be achieved by just fine‐tuning the structures of aza‐heteroaromatic donor segments for their application in PSCs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011 相似文献
999.
Guofu Qiu Gui Yu Yunqi Liu Cheng Ye Jingui Qin Zhen Li 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2011,49(9):1977-1987
In this article, according to the concept of “suitable isolation group,” six new AB2‐type polytriazoles containing azo‐chromophore moieties, derived from the same hyperbranched polymer intermediate, were successfully prepared through click reaction under copper(I) catalysis by modifying the synthetic route, in which different isolation groups in different size were introduced to the periphery of the hyperbranched polymers as end‐capping moieties. With the different end‐capping groups, these hyperbranched polymers, P1 – P6 , exhibited different solubility and processability; also, their nonlinear optical properties were modified accordingly, realizing the adjustment of the properties of hyperbranched polymers through the structural design. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011 相似文献
1000.
In the paper, a two-grid discretization scheme is discussed for the Steklov eigenvalue problem. With the scheme, the solution of the Steklov eigenvalue problem on a fine grid is reduced to the solution of the Steklov eigenvalue problem on a much coarser grid and the solution of a linear algebraic system on the fine grid. Using spectral approximation theory, it is shown theoretically that the two-scale scheme is efficient and the approximate solution obtained by the scheme maintains the asymptotically optimal accuracy. Finally, numerical experiments are carried out to confirm the considered theory. 相似文献