The fluorination of titanium dioxide surfaces

Summary Gaseous hydrogen fluoride gave a bulk attack on titanium dioxide but dilute aqueous hydrofluoric acid gave a partial surface fluorination. A specific fluoride for chloride exchange reaction occurs on chloride containing titanium dioxide surfaces. A weak and a strong form of fluoride adsorption may be distinguished, the former being removed by prolonged treatment with water, the latter requiring steam at 1020 K for its complete removal. Some infra-red, electrophoretic and acidity studies on various fluorinated surfaces are reported.

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Zusammenfassung Eine verdünnte wäßrige Fluorwasserstoffsäure fluoriert Titandioxid teilweise an der Oberfläche, während Fluorwasserstoffgas auch das Kristallinnere angreift. Eine spezifische Austauschreaktion Fluorid gegen Chlorid tritt an chloridhaltigen Titandioxidoberflächen auf. Man kann zwischen einer schwachen und einer starken Fluoridadsorption unterscheiden. Die schwächer adsorbierten Fluoridionen werden durch längere Behandlung mit Wasser verdrängt, die stärker adsorbierten dagegen nur durch Dampf bei 1020 K. In der Arbeit wird außerdem über IR-Studien sowie über elektrophoretische Messungen und Aziditätsuntersuchungen an verschiedenen fluorierten Oberflächen berichtet.

     

Poly(hexamethylene terephthalate)—II. The crystal structure of forms I and II,from electron and x-ray diffraction,and packing analyses

Form I of poly(hexamethylene terephthalate), poly(6GT), has been shown, through electron diffraction of micro-single crystals, and fibre X-ray diffraction to belong to the triclinic system. The unit cell containing only one chain has dimensions $\text{a = 5.217(8), b = 5.284(12), c = 15.738(16)}\text{A}\text{?}\text{(}\text{fibre axis}\text{), α = 129.4(2), β = 97.6(2)}\text{and}\text{γ = 95.6(2)°}$. The space group is PT. The crystal structure of poly(6GT) form I has been established by the model compound approach and confirmed using 19 independent electron diffraction intensities. Upon refinement of the scale and temperature factors, the agreement index R reaches 0.172, with an overall isotropic temperature factor $\text{B = 3.0}\text{A}\text{?}{}_2$. Calculation of dynamical amplitudes, and also of structure amplitudes which allow for crystal bending, confirms that the electron diffraction data are suitable for a conventional structure analysis. The chain of the polyester has the same fully extended conformation as its related model compound hexamethylene glycol dibenzoate. The planar chain in the single cell is at 35° to the α-axis. The unit-cell dimensions of poly(6GT) form II differ from those of form I by the doubling of the b-dimension. The two chains in the double unit-cell are at 31 and 39° respectively from the a-axis. The agreement index R is 0.161 for the 19 reflections of the single cell and R = 0.196 when the 10 reflections causing the doubling of b are included.     

Complex photosensitivity observed in germanosilica planar waveguides

Photosensitive effects distinguished as type I and type IIA photosensitivity within optical fibers were observed in a much more pronounced form within germanosilica waveguides deposited by hollow-cathode plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition. With increasing exposure to 193-nm UV light, positive index changes greater than 2 x 10(-3) were observed, followed by negative index changes greater than -5 x 10(-3) . These behaviors are attributed to an increase in macroscopic polarizability and a reduction in material density, respectively. The negative index change is more temperature resistant and is fully annealed only at 900 degrees C, whereas the positive one is annealed at 500 degrees C.