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991.
A numerical investigation for an axisymmetric hypersonic turbulent inlet flow field of a perfect gas is presented for a three-shock configuration consisting of a biconic and a cowl. An upwind parabolized Navier-Stokes solver based on Roe's scheme is used to compute an oncoming flow Mach numberM
=8, temperatureT
=216 K, and pressureP
=5.5293×103 N/m2. In order to assess the flow quantities, the interaction between shock and turbulence, and the inlet efficiency, three different flow calculations — laminar, turbulent with incompressible and compressible two-equationk- turbulence models — have been performed in this work.Computational results show that turbulence is markedly enhanced across an oblique shock with step-like increases in turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rate. This enhancement is at the expense of the mean kinetic energy of the flow. Therefore, the velocity behind the shock is smaller in turbulent flow and hence the shock becomes stronger. The entropy increase through a shock is caused not only by the amplification of random molecular motion, but also by the enhancement of the chaotic turbulent flow motion. However, only the compressiblek- turbulence model can properly predict a decrease in turbulence length scale across a shock. Our numerical simulation reveals that the incompressiblek- turbulence model exaggerates the interaction between shock and turbulence with turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rate remaining high and almost undissipated far beyond the shock region. It is shown that proper modeling of turbulence is essential for a realistic prediction of hypersonic inlet flowfield. The performed study shows that the viscous effect is not restricted in the boundary layer but extends into the main flow behind a shock wave. The loss of the available energy in the inlet performance therefore needs to be determined from the shock-turbulence interaction. The present study predicts that the inlet efficiency becomes relatively lower when turbulence is taken into account. 相似文献
992.
Xin Liu 《Graphs and Combinatorics》1995,11(3):267-273
LetG be ak-connected (k 2) graph onn vertices. LetS be an independent set ofG. S is called essential if there exist two distinct vertices inS which have a common neighbor inG. LetV
r, be a clique which is a complete subgraph ofG. In this paper it is proven that if every essential independent setS ofk + 1 vertices satisfiesS V
r , thenG is hamiltonian, orG{u} is hamiltonian for someu V
r, orG is one of three classes of exceptional graphs. Our theorem generalizes several well-known theorems. 相似文献
993.
994.
Balest R Cho K Ford WT Lohner M Park H Rankin P Smith JG Alexander JP Bebek C Berger BE Berkelman K Bloom K Browder TE Cassel DG Cho HA Coffman DM Crowcroft DS Dickson M Drell PS Dumas DJ Ehrlich R Elia R Gaidarev P Garcia-Sciveres M Gittelman B Gray SW Hartill DL Heltsley BK Henderson S Jones CD Jones SL Kandaswamy J Katayama N Kim PC Kreinick DL Lee T Liu Y Ludwig GS Masui J Mevissen J Mistry NB Ng CR Nordberg E Patterson JR Peterson D Riley D Soffer A Avery P Freyberger A Lingel K Prescott C 《Physical review letters》1995,75(21):3809-3813
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刘彦奎 《河北大学学报(自然科学版)》1995,(1)
本文首先在欧氏空间R ̄m中引进序“≤”关系,定义了取值于R中的Fuzzy向量测度。在第三部分讨论了取值于R中的可测向量函数列的收敛,在第四部分定义了可测向量函数关于Fuuzy向量测度的积分并讨论了这种积分的收敛性。 相似文献