全文获取类型
收费全文 | 145639篇 |
免费 | 13692篇 |
国内免费 | 23932篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 35531篇 |
晶体学 | 2085篇 |
力学 | 3726篇 |
综合类 | 1819篇 |
数学 | 7710篇 |
物理学 | 23981篇 |
综合类 | 108411篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 443篇 |
2023年 | 1186篇 |
2022年 | 3460篇 |
2021年 | 3781篇 |
2020年 | 3606篇 |
2019年 | 3135篇 |
2018年 | 3007篇 |
2017年 | 4096篇 |
2016年 | 3823篇 |
2015年 | 6054篇 |
2014年 | 8107篇 |
2013年 | 9759篇 |
2012年 | 10405篇 |
2011年 | 11534篇 |
2010年 | 11587篇 |
2009年 | 12154篇 |
2008年 | 13613篇 |
2007年 | 12979篇 |
2006年 | 11920篇 |
2005年 | 10154篇 |
2004年 | 8011篇 |
2003年 | 5413篇 |
2002年 | 5732篇 |
2001年 | 5602篇 |
2000年 | 5297篇 |
1999年 | 2447篇 |
1998年 | 763篇 |
1997年 | 516篇 |
1996年 | 494篇 |
1995年 | 478篇 |
1994年 | 455篇 |
1993年 | 467篇 |
1992年 | 415篇 |
1991年 | 307篇 |
1990年 | 310篇 |
1989年 | 307篇 |
1988年 | 197篇 |
1987年 | 201篇 |
1986年 | 145篇 |
1985年 | 121篇 |
1984年 | 138篇 |
1983年 | 91篇 |
1982年 | 84篇 |
1981年 | 93篇 |
1980年 | 90篇 |
1979年 | 81篇 |
1978年 | 26篇 |
1977年 | 21篇 |
1959年 | 22篇 |
1955年 | 25篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
261.
采用高速PIN光电探测器和高带宽的数字存储示波器,实时检测透射光脉冲和散射光脉冲的变化特征,并将之用作材料破坏的光学判据,测量得到K9玻璃在1.06μm纳秒脉冲激光作用下的能量损伤阈值约18mJ,相应的能量密度阈值为1.0kJ/cm2。通过分析透射光脉冲和散射光脉冲的特征,给出了材料的破坏时刻,并推断出K9玻璃所能承受的极限光强为1015W/m2。研究了能量透过率与泵浦能量的关系,并初步探讨了透明材料的破坏机理。结果表明:在多纵模激光的作用下,透明光学材料破坏是电离击穿与自聚焦效应综合作用的结果。 相似文献
262.
263.
264.
从激光推进的要求出发,阐述了用于激光推进的高功率激光器的选择原则,即激光器必须满足:(1)高的平均功率和峰值功率;(2)高的单脉冲能量;(3)高的重复频率;(4)优良的大气传输特性。主要分析了目前YAG固体激光器、自由电子激光器和TEA脉冲CO2激光器的特点,通过上述4个方面性能的比较,认为在目前水平下,TEA脉冲CO2激光器是进行激光推进的首选强激光源,其优点表现在:功率可达10kW量级,单脉冲能量可达0.5~1kJ,重复频率为20~40Hz;激光波长处于大气传输窗口,对大气变化不敏感;工作物质快速流动,不存在热透镜效应和破坏阈值;相关光学元件易于制造;光束质量较好;运行成本低。 相似文献
265.
266.
对氧碘化学激光器的单重态氧发生器(SOG)进行了改进,采用横向射流方式,并对该横向射流式单重态氧发生器的性能进行了检测。实验中过氧化氢碱溶液温度控制在-16℃左右,氯气流量为530mmol/s,He与氯气的流量比为3;采用PS法测量单重态氧分子的产率,吸收法测量氯气的利用率和相对水含量。得出如下结论:在不使用冷阱和分离器的情况下,最高单重态氧分子产率达到58%, 氯气利用率在80%以上,相对水含量小于等于0.5;气体达到最大流量时,发生器仍然能稳定地工作。 相似文献
267.
室温或近室温固相反应要求绿色化、清洁化[1,2]。我们以KMnO4和MnCl2·4H2O为原料,用室温固相氧化还原反应制备氧化锰粉体时,得到了一种对H2O2分解具有较高催化活性的纳米KMn8O16粉体,用XRD、SEM、IR等技术对其进行了表征,发现研磨时间对粉体性能有显著影响。1 实验部分1 1 粉体的制备按摩尔比(2∶3)准确称取一定量的分析纯KMnO4和MnCl2·4H2O,分别置于玛瑙研钵中充分研细,再混合研磨,固相反应立即发生,体系颜色逐渐加深,并有刺激性气体产生,充分研磨后70℃恒温12h,固相产物依次经水洗至中性、醇洗、抽滤,真空干燥得黑色粉… 相似文献
268.
Three N-3-phenyl-2-propenoyl amino acids were synthesized through interaction between 3-phenyl-2-propenoyl chloride and amino acids in alkaline with a high Yield.Structure of the products were identified by elemental analysis,IR and NMR spectroscopy. 相似文献
269.
There is considerable interest in protein adsorption onto microspheres because of its importance in a wide range of biomedical applications, such as artificial tissues and organs, drug delivery systems, biosensors, solid-phase immunoassays, immunomagnetic cell separation and immobilized enzymes or catalyst. It has been well known that the interaction between proteins and microspheres plays important roles in this process. Major interaction involved in the adsorption can be classified as electrostatic, hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonding. Indeed, adsorption of proteins onto microspheres is a complex process and often can involve many dynamic steps, from the initial attachment of the protein on the surface of microspheres to the equilibrium. Also the conformation of proteins probably occurs to a certain degree of deformation or structural change due to the large area of contact. Recently, much interest has been shown in sulfonated microspheres, since sulfonate-group itself is one of components in bio-bodies, as well as is sensitive to the change of pH or ionic strength. Indeed, so far, scanty investigations have been performed in the full range. Also few researches have involved the data on adsorption rate and the maximum amount of protein adsorbed, or the reversibility of the process and conformational change of protein adsorbed as well.In present study, BSA (bovine serum albumin) was chosen as the model protein and sulfonated PMMA [poly(methyl methacrylate)] microspheres as the matrix to investigate the adsorption process.The purpose is to show some information especially the intrinsic information involved by the adsorption process Adsorption of BSA onto sulfonated microspheres (MS) has been investigated as a function of time, protein concentration and pH. The adsorption appears to be a reversible process and the presence of sulfonate groups can play important roles in the adsorption process, so as to increase the amount of protein adsorbed and influences the interaction of BSA molecules. Fig. 1 also shows that the reciprocation between unadsorbed and adsorbed BSA or rearrangement of adsorbed BSA molecules does not produce visible change in the properties of the adsorbed protein. Close to the isoelectric point of BSA (pI 4.7), the amount of protein adsorbed exhibits a maximum. A higher or lower pH results in the significant decrease of the adsorption amount. This is related to the dependence of BSA conformations at different pH conditions. 相似文献
270.
The immobilization of proteins, especially receptor proteins commonly used in high through-put screening of drugs (HTS), have received great attention in recent years. There are many successful isothermal models for describing the adsorption of protein onto solid surface, such as Langmuir model, Bi-Langmuir model, Fowler model, Freundlich model, Freundlich-Langmuir model and Tekmin model etc. In all these models, Langmuir model was the most favorable one model accepted by many researchers, but the experimental results showed that it was not entirely fit to all adsorption behaviors. So new models were required for describing protein adsorption onto microspheres in different conditions.In our research, a novel isothermal model, including Langmuir and other adsorbing behaviors was presented basing on the holding degree of surface active sites and the interaction styles of protein immobilization. In Langmuir model, the adsorbing amount of protein was described as [PS] =Km[P]/1 + K[P], where [PS] was the concentration of adsorbed protein, [P] was the concentration of freeprotein at equilibrium state, and Km and K was constant. According to the interactions of protein and ligands, there were three patterns in the interactions of protein and ligands. On the similar assumption that the interaction of protein and microspheres were three styles, and based on the definition of the holding degree of surface active sites (Y), three adsorption behaviors could be described as Y K[ P ]φ/ K[P]φ+1 or ln K + φ ln[P] =ln(Y/1-Y) in which [P] was the concentration of free protein at equilibrium state, and φ and K was constant. Different scale of φ presented different adsorption behaviors, especially when φ was 1, the adsorption behavior was Langmuir adsorbing model. Figure I indicated the different adsorbing results in different adsorption behaviors (φ>1, φ<1,and φ=1). 相似文献