普洱市近59a参考作物蒸散量时空变化特征

利用普洱市地面气象观测站1959～2017年逐日气象资料,采用FAO 56-Penman-Monteith(FAO-PM)法、距平分析、回归分析和地理信息技术研究了普洱市参考作物蒸散量(reference crop evapotranspiration, ET_0)的年代际、年际和年内不同时间尺度下时空变化特征。结果表明:普洱市平均ET_0年代均值2011～2017年最大,为1 196.2 mm,1959～1960年最小,为1 101.0 mm;ET_0年代均值高值区在普洱西部南侧,低值区在普洱西部西盟北侧、北部景东以北及东南部江城东部边缘。普洱市各气象站ET_0年际变化均呈波动性上升趋势,其中西盟站平均ET_0年值年际波动最大,江城站ET_0年值年际波动最小。多年平均ET_0年值空间分布景东、江城、澜沧以西北地区较小,孟连和澜沧的南部较大。各气象站ET_0季节均值春季最大,夏季次之,秋、冬季逐渐减小,各气象站多年ET_0月均值的变化趋势基本一致,曲线均为双峰型,最高峰值出现在4、5月,第二峰值出现在8、9月。     

流动剪切对原油乳化含水率的影响及基于焓的定量表征

油水两相的乳化特性对两相流的流型和压降规律有显著影响。流动条件下的原油乳化含水率是影响油水两相流动特性的关键。针对4种原油,通过油水两相的乳化实验,研究了搅拌转速、水相比例、温度及搅拌时间对原油乳化含水率的影响。研究发现,当水相比例低于某一临界值时,在一定搅拌转速范围内会发生完全乳化现象,当水相比例高于该临界值时,只发生部分乳化。不同原油发生完全乳化的临界水相比例不同,与原油物性相关;对于非完全乳化的情况,原油乳化含水率随搅拌转速的增大而增大,随水相比例、温度的升高而减小,随搅拌时间的增加而增大;油水两相乳化过程中消耗的能量可采用比焓进行表征,不同剪切条件下的原油乳化含水率可以与比焓进行归一化关联,并且二者符合幂律关系。     

ChemInform Abstract: An ab initio Study of Possible Pathways in the Thermal Decomposition of NaAlH4

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.     

Quasi-neutral limit to the drift-diffusion models for semiconductors with physical contact-insulating boundary conditions

In this paper the limit of vanishing Debye length in a bipolar drift-diffusion model for semiconductors with physical contact-insulating boundary conditions is studied in one-dimensional case. The quasi-neutral limit (zero-Debye-length limit) is proved by using the asymptotic expansion methods of singular perturbation theory and the classical energy methods. Our results imply that one kind of the new and interesting phenomena in semiconductor physics occurs.     

Existence of solutions for a class of noncooperative elliptic systems

We establish the existence of a nontrivial solution for a class of noncooperative elliptic systems with nonlinearities of superlinear growth. Moreover, if there is resonance, we also find at least a solution. All results are obtained by the minimax methods in critical point theory.     

集值变分包含的投影算法

A class of set-valued variational inclusions in Banach spaces and the convergence of the iterative algorithms are all studied in this paper.Moreover,the convergence and applications of projection algorithm to set-valued variational inclusions in Hilbert are also introduced.Many conclusions are generalized and improved.     

Coating single-walled carbon nanotubes with phospholipids

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), being hydrophobic by nature, aggregate in water to form large bundles. However, isolated SWNTs possess unique physical and chemical properties that are desirable for sensing and biological applications. Conventionally isolated SWNTs can be obtained by wrapping the tubes with biopolymers or surfactants. The binding modes proposed for these solubilization schemes, however, are less than comprehensive. Here we characterize the efficacies of solubilizing SWNTs through various types of phospholipids and other amphiphilic surfactants. Specifically, we demonstrate that lysophospholipids, or single-chained phospholipids offer unprecedented solubility for SWNTs, while double-chained phospholipids are ineffective in rendering SWNTs soluble. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) we show that lysophospholipids wrap SWNTs as striations whose size and regularity are affected by the polarity of the lysophospholipids. We further show that wrapping is only observed when SWNTs are in the lipid phase and not the vacuum phase, suggesting that the environment has a pertinent role in the binding process. Our findings shed light on the debate over the binding mechanism of amphiphilic polymers and cylindrical nanostructures and have implications on the design of novel supramolecular complexes and nanodevices.     

Charge-transfer effect at the interface of phthalocyanine-electrode contact studied by scanning tunneling spectroscopy

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) are used in this work to investigate the charge-transfer effect at the molecule-substrate interface of substituted metal phthalocyanines. STS results revealed that the apparent energy gaps for both fluorinated phthalocyanines and unsubstituted phthalocyanines are essentially the same, which agree with the hybrid density functional calculations. More interestingly, there is a systematic shift of the energy level of valence bands, possibly as the result of charge-transfer effect at the molecule-substrate interface.     

Chemical contribution to surface-enhanced Raman scattering

We present a new mechanism for the chemical contribution to surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The theory considers the modulation of the polarizability of a metal nanocluster or a flat metal surface by the vibrational motion of an adsorbed molecule. The modulated polarization of the substrate coupled with the incident light will contribute to the Raman scattering enhancement. We show that for a metal cluster and for a flat metal surface this new chemical contribution may enhance the Raman scattering intensity by a factor of approximately 102 and approximately 104, respectively. The new SERS process is determined by the electric field parallel to the surface of the metal substrate at the molecular binding site.