A framework for human microbiome research

A variety of microbial communities and their genes (the microbiome) exist throughout the human body, with fundamental roles in human health and disease. The National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded Human Microbiome Project Consortium has established a population-scale framework to develop metagenomic protocols, resulting in a broad range of quality-controlled resources and data including standardized methods for creating, processing and interpreting distinct types of high-throughput metagenomic data available to the scientific community. Here we present resources from a population of 242 healthy adults sampled at 15 or 18 body sites up to three times, which have generated 5,177 microbial taxonomic profiles from 16S ribosomal RNA genes and over 3.5 terabases of metagenomic sequence so far. In parallel, approximately 800 reference strains isolated from the human body have been sequenced. Collectively, these data represent the largest resource describing the abundance and variety of the human microbiome, while providing a framework for current and future studies.     

Butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species

The evolutionary importance of hybridization and introgression has long been debated. Hybrids are usually rare and unfit, but even infrequent hybridization can aid adaptation by transferring beneficial traits between species. Here we use genomic tools to investigate introgression in Heliconius, a rapidly radiating genus of neotropical butterflies widely used in studies of ecology, behaviour, mimicry and speciation. We sequenced the genome of Heliconius melpomene and compared it with other taxa to investigate chromosomal evolution in Lepidoptera and gene flow among multiple Heliconius species and races. Among 12,669 predicted genes, biologically important expansions of families of chemosensory and Hox genes are particularly noteworthy. Chromosomal organization has remained broadly conserved since the Cretaceous period, when butterflies split from the Bombyx (silkmoth) lineage. Using genomic resequencing, we show hybrid exchange of genes between three co-mimics, Heliconius melpomene, Heliconius timareta and Heliconius elevatus, especially at two genomic regions that control mimicry pattern. We infer that closely related Heliconius species exchange protective colour-pattern genes promiscuously, implying that hybridization has an important role in adaptive radiation.     

Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera

Here we report the genome sequence of the honeybee Apis mellifera, a key model for social behaviour and essential to global ecology through pollination. Compared with other sequenced insect genomes, the A. mellifera genome has high A+T and CpG contents, lacks major transposon families, evolves more slowly, and is more similar to vertebrates for circadian rhythm, RNA interference and DNA methylation genes, among others. Furthermore, A. mellifera has fewer genes for innate immunity, detoxification enzymes, cuticle-forming proteins and gustatory receptors, more genes for odorant receptors, and novel genes for nectar and pollen utilization, consistent with its ecology and social organization. Compared to Drosophila, genes in early developmental pathways differ in Apis, whereas similarities exist for functions that differ markedly, such as sex determination, brain function and behaviour. Population genetics suggests a novel African origin for the species A. mellifera and insights into whether Africanized bees spread throughout the New World via hybridization or displacement.     

A study of the density of sputtered atoms in the plasma of the modified Grimm-type glow discharge source

The sputtering of atoms from the cathode of a modified Grimm-type glow discharge source was studied using hollow cathode lamps as primary sources. Absorption of copper atoms at a distance of 1.5 mm from the cathode was measured, using different discharge conditions, with helium, neon, argon, krypton and nitrogen as carrier gases. For conditions with voltages at and above 800 V, the greatest absorption (copper atom concentration) was obtained using argon as carrier gas. Absorption by copper and chromium, measured at varying distances from the cathode and at different discharge conditions, shows a maximum between 1 and 2 mm from the cathode. This phenomenon can only be explained by cluster sputtering or cluster formation in the plasma. By using the Doppler temperatures of the emission and absorption sources to calculate line profile halfwidths, measured absorbances can be converted to atom number densities.A diffusion model has been formulated to describe the diffusion of sputtered atoms through the plasma which is in a steady state. From the agreement obtained with experimental results, it is concluded that in principle this diffusion model can be used to predict the spatial distribution of sputtered atoms in the plasma.     

关于高职高专教学体系构建的改革与创新

通过对国内外高等职业教育人才培养模式的现状分析,提出高等职业教育能力目标型教学体系的理论构建方案。     

带有布尔容许格的GV—逆半群

证明了带有布尔容许格的ＧＶ－逆半群的一个特征     

Fast heating scalable to laser fusion ignition

Rapid heating of a compressed fusion fuel by a short-duration laser pulse is a promising route to generating energy by nuclear fusion, and has been demonstrated on an experimental scale using a novel fast-ignitor geometry. Here we describe a refinement of this system in which a much more powerful, pulsed petawatt (10(15) watts) laser creates a fast-heated core plasma that is scalable to full-scale ignition, significantly increasing the number of fusion events while still maintaining high heating efficiency at these substantially higher laser energies. Our findings bring us a step closer to realizing the production of relatively inexpensive, full-scale fast-ignition laser facilities.     

杭州湾大通道及港口建设与区域经济发展的关系--系列研究之二

文章订从宁波地区经济发展的三大特征出发，着重分析了杭州湾大通道及港口建设对宁波地区港口经济，外向型经济和旅游经济发展的促进作用及其影响，从而进一步论证了杭州湾大通道及港口建设对宁波经济、、浙江经济乃至杭州湾区域经济发展的重要作用，对宁波区域经济发展合理利用资源的决策提供了参考。     

The determination of carbon,phosphorus and sulphur in steel and cast iron with a glow-discharge emission source and an atomic fluorimeter as spectral line isolator

The atomic fluorimeter, an instrument using an atomic vapour generated by cathodic sputtering for isolating resonance spectral lines emitted by an emission source, was used for detecting the vacuum ultraviolet emission lines of carbon, phosphorous and sulphur. A glow-discharge lamp was used as emission source. Detection limits of 0.012, 0.004 and 0.002% were obtained for carbon, phosphorus and sulphur respectively in cast iron and steel. A narrow-band interference filter through which the matrix emission was measured directly by a photomultiplier tube, was used in an effort to correct for varying sputtering rates from different kinds of samples. This monitoring channel proved to be efficient for the determination of phosphorus and carbon in high alloy steels, but was not necessary for sulphur since in this case working curves of the different types of steels coincided.     

Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution

We present here a draft genome sequence of the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus. Because the chicken is a modern descendant of the dinosaurs and the first non-mammalian amniote to have its genome sequenced, the draft sequence of its genome--composed of approximately one billion base pairs of sequence and an estimated 20,000-23,000 genes--provides a new perspective on vertebrate genome evolution, while also improving the annotation of mammalian genomes. For example, the evolutionary distance between chicken and human provides high specificity in detecting functional elements, both non-coding and coding. Notably, many conserved non-coding sequences are far from genes and cannot be assigned to defined functional classes. In coding regions the evolutionary dynamics of protein domains and orthologous groups illustrate processes that distinguish the lineages leading to birds and mammals. The distinctive properties of avian microchromosomes, together with the inferred patterns of conserved synteny, provide additional insights into vertebrate chromosome architecture.