Application of the first collision source method to CSNS target station shielding calculation

Ray effects are an inherent problem of the discrete ordinates method. RAY3 D, a functional module of ARES, which is a discrete ordinates code system, employs a semi-analytic first collision source method to mitigate ray effects. This method decomposes the flux into uncollided and collided components, and then calculates them with an analytical method and discrete ordinates method respectively. In this article, RAY3 D is validated by the Kobayashi benchmarks and applied to the neutron beamline shielding problem of China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)target station. The numerical results of the Kobayashi benchmarks indicate that the solutions of DONTRAN3 D with RAY3 D agree well with the Monte Carlo solutions. The dose rate at the end of the neutron beamline is less than10.83 μSv/h in the CSNS target station neutron beamline shutter model. RAY3 D can effectively mitigate the ray effects and obtain relatively reasonable results.     

Gamma-ray and pair creation using ultra-intense lasers and astrophysical applications

Ultra-intense laser irradiating high-Z solid targets has become a new, powerful and efficient tool to create electron–positron pairs and intense gamma-ray beams. This paper reviews the recent developments in this field, both in theory and experiments. We will also discuss potential astrophysical applications of such laboratory experiments using ultra-intense lasers.     

One-pot ligation strategy for atypical ubiquitin chains synthesis by using the trifluoroacetamidomethyl-protected isopeptide-linked Ub (Tfacm-isoUb) unit

Protein chemical synthesis can provide the homogeneous atypical ubiquitin chains that are usually difficult to obtain by other methods. Herein, we report a new one-pot ligation approach for the synthesis of atypical Ub chains based on the Tfacm-protected isoUb building block with operational simplicity and high efficiency. The key intermediate, the Tfacm-protected isoUb building block can be readily prepared by Fmoc SPPS. The practicality and efficiency of the new method is demonstrated by the successful preparation of K11-linked di-Ub.     

Perylene Bisimide In-chain Polyethylene with Unique Self-assembly Nanostructure through Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET) Polymerization

A novel perylene tetracarboxylic acid bisimide(PTCBI) in-chain polyethylene(PE) was first prepared via acyclic diene metathesis(ADMET) polymerization of PTCBI-functionalized α,ω-diene monomer. The polymers could spontaneously self-assemble into hollow cylindrical structures in which the π-π interaction between adjacent PTCBI moieties was enhanced and the electron mobility was possibly promoted. The hydrogenation of as-obtained polymer was readily accomplished, affording the desired precision PTCBI in-chain PE with a saturated backbone, which showed high glass transition temperature(Tg = 63 °C), relatively wide range of light absorption(λ = 200-575 nm), and higher LUMO level(-3.62 e V). It can therefore serve as a superior model for facile construction of functional polyolefin and soluble PTCBI polymer with ordered architecture.     

Quantitative study of cellular heterogeneity in doxorubicin uptake and its pharmacological effect on cancer cells

Cellular heterogeneity in doxorubicin (DOX) uptake and its relationship with pharmacological effect on cancer cells were quantitatively investigated for the first time. An in vitro experimental model was established by treating human leukemia K562 and breast cancer MCF‐7 cells with different schedules of DOX with or without surface P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) inhibitor verapamil (VER). The cellular heterogeneity in DOX uptake was quantitatively examined by single‐cell analysis using capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser‐induced fluorescence detection. The corresponding cytotoxic effect was tested by cellular morphology, 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐tetrazolium and flow cytometry assays. The expression of cellular membrane surface P‐gp was determined by flow cytometry. Results showed that the cellular heterogeneity exists in DOX uptake. The single‐high DOX schedule leads to lower uptake heterogeneity and higher mean drug uptake. The cellular heterogeneity in DOX uptake was found to be negatively correlated with drug cytotoxicity and surface P‐gp expression, with r = ?0.7680 to ~ ?0.9587. VER reduces the cellular variation in DOX uptake, suggesting that surface P‐gp may be one of the causes of the cellular heterogeneity in DOX uptake. This research demonstrates the importance of quantitative study of cellular heterogeneity in drug uptake and its potential application in drug schedule design, response prediction and therapy modulation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海藻酸-磷脂微囊复合水凝胶的制备、表征及毒理学分析

采用薄膜分散法合成磷脂微囊,根据胶粒的双电层理论,通过在微囊中加入氯化锰、氯化钙和氯化镁电解质溶液,使微囊处于相对稳定的状态.研究发现加入氯化锰和氯化钙溶液,微囊胶体的粒径没有明显的变化,但加入一定浓度氯化镁溶液,其粒径明显变大.为了进一步增加磷脂微囊稳定性,将氯化锰、氯化钙、氯化镁磷脂微囊胶体分别与海藻酸钠(SA)溶液混合.结果表明,氯化镁与SA几乎不能形成水凝胶,氯化钙与SA形成水凝胶能力强于氯化锰.微囊胶体溶液中的磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)可以与Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)键合形成PS-Ca~(2+)和PS-Mg~(2+),但不能与Mn~(2+)键合形成PS-Mn~(2+).对氯化钙磷脂微囊与海藻酸钠合成的复合水凝胶的形貌、溶胀率及细胞毒性进行了表征,结果表明,氯化钙与SA形成的水凝胶可以捕获胶体中磷脂微囊,且形貌规整,结构稳定,无细胞毒性.