Coulomb explosion of nitrogen and oxygen molecules through non-Coulombic states

We have systematically studied Coulomb explosion of nitrogen and oxygen molecules in intense 8 and 24 fs laser pulses. In the experiment, we explicitly separated all explosion pathways through coincident measurements. The high resolution kinetic energy releases (KERs) and the exotic angular distributions of atomic ions provide direct evidence that Coulomb explosion occurs through non-Coulombic states. In the theory, we calculated dissociation potential energy curves (PECs) of nitrogen and oxygen molecules and their multicharged molecular ions using multiconfiguration second-order perturbation theory. The results indicate that Coulomb potentials are close to the accurate PECs of multicharged molecular ions only when the internuclear distance is larger than 3 ?. In comparison with the experimental observations and the theoretical calculations, we determined the internuclear distance when Coulombic explosion occurs. It is near the equilibrium distance of the neutral molecules in the case of 8 fs laser pulses and expands gradually with the increase of the charge state of the molecular ions in the case of 24 fs laser pulses.     

Chemical diversity of iridal-type triterpenes in Iris delavayi collected in Yunnan Province of China

From Iris delavayi collected in the northwestern Yunnan Province of China, eight iridal-type triterpenoids were isolated, three of which were new. Both 2(7)Z- and 2(7)E-iridals were isolated in about equal amounts from the sample collected at Laojunshan, while only 2(7)Z-iridals were isolated from samples collected in Shangrila area, indicating the presence of chemical diversity in the species.     

Investigation on heavy crude-water two phase flow and related flow characteristics

In this paper, heavy crude oil–water flows are studied in a horizontal stainless steel test section with 25.4 mm ID and overall length of 50 m. Crude oil (viscosity = 628.1 mPa s, interfacial tension with water = 10.33 mN/m at 60 °C) and water, collected from an oilfield, were used as test fluids. Visual observations, local sampling and pressure drop measurements were used to identify the flow patterns and their transitions. It was found that in all conditions studied there was a water-in-oil emulsion present. At low mixture velocities and water fractions this occupied the whole pipe cross section. As the velocity or the volume fraction increased water appeared to segregate. At high water fractions and mixture velocities annular flow appeared with the water-in-oil emulsion in the core surrounded by a water layer. The results were compared with those from a model oil with the same viscosity. At low water fractions there was a similarity between the patterns observed with the two oil systems characterized by water segregation from an oil continuous dispersion with increasing water fraction or mixture velocity. However, at high water fractions an oil-in-water dispersion formed with the model oil that was not seen with the crude oil. Pressure drop was generally higher for the crude oil system compared to the model one, while in both cases it decreased when water started to segregate and form layers in contact with the pipe wall. The differences between the two oil systems are attributed to the natural surfactants present in the heavy crude oil (such as asphaltenes and resins), which tend to accumulate on the water/oil interface, retard film drainage and maintain the stability of water drops in oil.     

Adhesion behavior of endothelial progenitor cells to endothelial cells in simple shear flow

The adhesion of endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs) on endothelial cells(ECs) is one of the critical physiological processes for the regenesis of vascular vessels and the prevention of serious cardiovascular diseases.Here,the rolling and adhesion behavior of EPCs on ECs was studied numerically.A two-dimensional numerical model was developed based on the immersed boundary method for simulating the rolling and adhesion of cells in a channel flow.The binding force arising from the catch bond of a receptor and ligand pair was modeled with stochastic Monte Carlo method and Hookean spring model.The effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α) on the expression of the number of adhesion molecules in ECs was analyzed experimentally.A flow chamber system with CCD camera was set up to observe the top view of the rolling of EPCs on the substrate cultivated with ECs.Numerical results prove that the adhesion of EPC on ECs is closely related to membrane stiff-ness of the cell and shear rate of the flow.It also suggests that the adhesion force between EPC and EC by P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 only is not strong enough to bond the cell onto vessel walls unless contributions of other catch bond are considered.Experimental results demonstrate that TNF-α enhanced the expressions of VCAM,ICAM,P-selectin and E-selectin in ECs,which supports the numerical results that the rolling velocity of EPC on TNF-α treated EC substrate decreases obviously compared with its velocity on the untreated one.It is found that because the adhesion is affected by both the rolling velocity and the deformability of the cell,an optimal stiffness of EPC may exist at a given shear rate of flow for achieving maximum adhesion rates.     

探头在准二维颗粒介质中慢速运行的受阻实验研究

测量了圆锥探头缓慢压入准二维颗粒介质过程中所受阻力随深度的变化,发现阻力曲线在不同区域呈现不同的增长规律,曲线全过程存在两次增长规律的转变.本实验条件下观测到的现象表明:当填充颗粒总高度较高时,阻力曲线存在两个拐点,前部拐点是由颗粒回填所致,拐点深度约65mm(与探头尺寸有关),且不随颗粒填充高度变化,后部拐点是由于底部边界影响所致;后部拐点出现的深度Z2随着颗粒填充高度Zmax的增加线性增加,容器底部边界开始影响探头受力时探头距离底部的距离H也会随着颗粒填充高度Zmax的增加而增加,Z2-Zmax和H-Zmax关系拟合直线的斜率均约为0.5.     

Influence of precipitation on the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect in Al-Mg alloys

In the alloy with solute content higher than the limiting solubility, the solute atoms that have failed to dissolve will precipitate from the solid solution and form precipitations. In this study, the Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effects in annealed 5456 and 5052 aluminum alloys with different precipitation contents have been investigated under different applied strain rates. The results suggest that precipitations have significant effect on the PLC effect and the more the precipitations are, the greater the influence is. Furthermore, the solute diffusion is pipe diffusion in 5052 alloy with lower precipitation content. However, for 5456 alloy with higher precipitation content, the diffusion is no longer the case but more complex.     

一类非经典反应扩散方程全局吸引子的正则性

考虑了一类非经典反应扩散方程全局吸引子的正则性。利用渐近先验估计证明了系统在H01(Ω)中的全局吸引子A1在D(A)中有界,并进一步获得A1即为系统在D(A)中的全局吸引子A2。     

高校学习空间变革:趋势、特征与优化

新一轮科技革命的加速推进正在改变人们的生活方式,也影响传统的学校教育领域。在此影响下,高校学习空间被赋予新的内涵,它不仅是高等教育领域学习行为发生的主要场所,更是依托新技术而超越传统高等教育空间的新型资源聚集体。通过概念澄清和案例分析,发现高校学习空间变革在帮助高等教育打破学科壁垒和改变教学方式的同时,也在加速形成交互主体性师生关系并进行文化生产。高校学习空间实践尽管在政策、制度、师生关系、文化生产等方面已有了一定的经验,但仍需进一步加强建设,从而全面提升学习效果。需要注意的是,学习空间的变革不能忽视高等教育自身的育人价值和发展规律,避免落入“科学至上”的陷阱。     

Dynamic mass variation and multiphase interaction among steel,slag, lining refractory and nonmetallic inclusions: Laboratory experiments and mathematical prediction

The mass transfer among the multiphase interactions among the steel, slag, lining refractory, and nonmetallic inclusions during the refining process of a bearing steel was studied using laboratory experiments and numerical kinetic prediction. Experiments on the system with and without the slag phase were carried out to evaluate the influence of the refractory and the slag on the mass transfer. A mathematical model coupled the ion and molecule coexistence theory, coupled-reaction model, and the surface renewal theory was established to predict the dy-namic mass transfer and composition transformation of the steel, the slag, and nonmetallic inclusions in the steel. During the refining process, Al2O3 inclusions transformed into MgO inclusions owing to the mass transfer of [Mg] at the steel/refractory interface and (MgO) at the slag/re-fractory interface. Most of the aluminum involved in the transport entered the slag and a small part of the aluminum transferred to lining re-fractory, forming the Al2O3 or MgO·Al2O3. The slag had a significant acceleration effect on the mass transfer. The mass transfer rate (or the re-action rate) of the system with the slag was approximately 5 times larger than that of the system without the slag. In the first 20 min of the re-fining, rates of magnesium mass transfer at the steel/inclusion interface, steel/refractory interface, and steel/slag interface were x, 1.1x, and 2.2x, respectively. The composition transformation of inclusions and the mass transfer of magnesium and aluminum in the steel were predicted with an acceptable accuracy using the established kinetic model.