蓝藻的危害与治理

近年来,蓝藻在已对人类的生产生活带来了很大影响,为了治理蓝藻,各级政府和科技人员也付出了巨大的努力.本文简述了近年来蓝藻在我国造成危害的现状,并对目前蓝藻治理的情况作了简单的回顾.     

Molecular Simulation to Explore the Dissolution Behavior of Sulfur in Carbon Disulfide

Soluble sulfur (S₈) and insoluble sulfur (IS) have different application fields, and molecular dynamics simulation can reveal their differences in solubility in solvents. It is found that in the simulated carbon disulfide (CS₂) solvent, soluble sulfur in the form of clusters mainly promotes the dissolution of clusters through van der Waals interaction between solvent molecules (CS₂) and S₈, and the solubility gradually increases with the increase in temperature. However, the strong interaction between polymer chains of insoluble sulfur in the form of polymer hinders the diffusion of IS into CS₂ solvent, which is not conducive to high-temperature dissolution. The simulated solubility parameter shows that the solubility parameter of soluble sulfur is closer to that of the solvent, which is consistent with the above explanation that soluble sulfur is easy to dissolve.     

Effect of Different Processing Methods on the Chemical Constituents of Scrophulariae Radix as Revealed by 2D NMR-Based Metabolomics

Scrophulariae Radix (SR) is one of the oldest and most frequently used Chinese herbs for oriental medicine in China. Before clinical use, the SR should be processed using different methods after harvest, such as steaming, “sweating”, and traditional fire-drying. In order to investigate the difference in chemical constituents using different processing methods, the two-dimensional (2D) ¹H-¹³C heteronuclear single quantum correlation (¹H-¹³C HSQC)-based metabolomics approach was applied to extensively characterize the difference in the chemical components in the extracts of SR processed using different processing methods. In total, 20 compounds were identified as potential chemical markers that changed significantly with different steaming durations. Seven compounds can be used as potential chemical markers to differentiate processing by sweating, hot-air drying, and steaming for 4 h. These findings could elucidate the change of chemical constituents of the processed SR and provide a guide for the processing. In addition, our protocol may represent a general approach to characterizing chemical compounds of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and therefore might be considered as a promising approach to exploring the scientific basis of traditional processing of TCM.     

HIGH-FREQUENCY VIBRATIONS OF CORRUGATED CYLINDRICAL PIEZOELECTRIC SHELLS

Coupled extensional and flexural cylindrical vibrations of a corrugated cylindrical piezoelectric shell consisting of multiple pieces of circular cylindrical surfaces smoothly connected along their generatrix are studied. To validate the results for the case of relatively thick shells or equivalently high-frequency modes with short wavelengths, existing analysis is extended by considering shear deformation and rotatory inertia. An analytical solution is obtained. Based on the solution, resonant frequencies and mode shapes are calculated.     

Cloning,Expression, Purification,and Characterization of β-Galactosidase from Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum

Expression and purification of β-galactosidases derived from Bifidobacterium provide a new resource for efficient lactose hydrolysis and lactose intolerance alleviation. Here, we cloned and expressed two β-galactosidases derived from Bifidobacterium. The optimal pH for BLGLB1 was 5.5, and the optimal temperature was 45 °C, at which the enzyme activity of BLGLB1 was higher than that of commercial enzyme E (300 ± 3.6 U/mg) under its optimal conditions, reaching 2200 ± 15 U/mg. The optimal pH and temperature for BPGLB1 were 6.0 and 45 °C, respectively, and the enzyme activity (0.58 ± 0.03 U/mg) under optimum conditions was significantly lower than that of BLGLB1. The structures of the two β-galactosidase were similar, with all known key sites conserved. When o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactoside (oNPG) was used as an enzyme reaction substrate, the maximum reaction velocity (V_max) for BLGLB1 and BPGLB1 was 3700 ± 100 U/mg and 1.1 ± 0.1 U/mg, respectively. The kinetic constant (K_m) of BLGLB1 and BPGLB1 was 1.9 ± 0.1 and 1.3 ± 0.3 mmol/L, respectively. The respective catalytic constant (k_cat) of BLGLB1 and BPGLB1 was 1700 ± 40 s⁻¹ and 0.5 ± 0.02 s⁻¹, respectively; the respective k_cat/K_m value of BLGLB1 and BPGLB1 was 870 L/(mmol∙s) and 0.36 L/(mmol∙s), respectively. The K_m, k_cat and V_max values of BLGLB1 were superior to those of earlier reported β-galactosidase derived from Bifidobacterium. Overall, BLGLB1 has potential application in the food industry.     

“言文一致”：从词汇看现代汉语的现代性

汉语的现代化进程始于20世纪的第一个十年,经五四新文化运动的强力推动,20年代末初具规模。近代汉语和现代汉语的区分标志是什么？王力认为语音、语法、词汇三者中,应将语法作为主要依据,关注的是汉语本体的变化;吕叔湘则强调言文一致的实现是汉语现代化的分水岭,着眼于语言在社会运用上的变化。随着书面语使用者的爆发式增长、语言内容和话语行为的质变,以及传媒的多样化成为汉语近现代转型的重要动机,新增词语引发的词汇体系的重构是汉语之为现代的最重要的体现形式。新增词语有一个共同的形态特征：二字词。二字词具有两种语言功能,一、精密描写,二、讲述与听解。只有二字词才能应对科学的进步和日益复杂的人类社会,也只有二字词才能对非日常的内容做到说得出、听得懂。这种本文称之为“科学叙事”的话语行为以“言文一致”为基本条件,是语言现代化的本质所在。本文的主要观点是,言文一致是汉语现代化的重要标志,而言文一致需要词语上的基础;汉语的词语新增得以在短时期内完成,是东亚域内语言接触与词汇交流的结果。从词汇体系现代重构的视角对汉语进行考察是必不可少的,因为语言的现代性是由词语的现代性决定的。     

基于神经网络路面识别的电动汽车ABS控制研究

为了充分利用路面附着能力以提高电动汽车的制动安全性,文章提出了一种基于径向基函数(radial basis function,RBF)神经网络路面识别的电动汽车制动防抱死系统(anti-lock braking system,ABS)控制方法。采用RBF神经网络进行路面识别,将识别出的最优滑移率作为目标参数,以此设计了一种模糊控制与预测控制相结合的ABS控制策略,同时制定了制动力矩分配策略,从而确保制动系统可靠工作并实现制动能量回收,最后基于CarSim与Matlab/Simulink仿真平台进行了实例样车仿真分析。仿真结果表明,该路面识别方法可以准确识别当前路面状态,ABS控制策略下的制动距离相对于模糊控制策略缩短了6.57%,制动能量回收提高了3.9%。     

不同结合剂对熔融石英窑具性能与析晶结构的影响

主要对熔融石英结构、不同结合剂结合的窑具性能和高温析晶结构进行研究．通过不同结合剂含量的性能比较,确定最佳配方（高铝结合剂最佳含量为３０％,粘土结合剂最佳含量为２０％）,高温烧成析晶结构（α－石英,α－方石英,莫来石）及其含量．     

超声分散法制备WS2/TiO2复合光催化剂及其光催化性能

本文采用超声分散方法制备WS2/TiO_2复合物,在光照条件下,对罗丹明B的降解效果进行了一系列研究.在确定WS_2与TiO_2的混合比例后,同时又对WS_2/TiO_2煅烧温度、煅烧时间、催化剂的用量、光照时间、光照功率、染料浓度等影响因素分别进行了讨论.实验结果表明,催化剂的量为1.00g/L、染料的初始浓度为10.00mg/L,WS_2/TiO_2(1∶11)、焙烧温度为350°C、焙烧时间为90min时,对罗丹明B染料的降解效果最佳.     

三维应力强度因子的有限元计算

根据Ｉｒｗｉｎ的裂缝闭合积分求能量释放率的原理，系统地导出了空间有限元求裂缝尖端的能量释放率的有关公式。研究中假设缝端单元应力及裂后单元位移分布为局部坐标ξ，ζ的双线性函数，用单元的结点力和结点位移来表征单元的能量释放率，分析时只需一种单元网格，可以分析缝端为直线和曲线分布的各种线弹性断裂力学问题。算例表明，本文方法不需用较密的网格，就可获得相当高的精度，这为大型结构线弹性断裂力学应力强度因子的计