全文获取类型
收费全文 | 11846篇 |
免费 | 1591篇 |
国内免费 | 1011篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 5755篇 |
晶体学 | 52篇 |
力学 | 517篇 |
综合类 | 53篇 |
数学 | 1011篇 |
物理学 | 3036篇 |
综合类 | 4024篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 48篇 |
2023年 | 218篇 |
2022年 | 355篇 |
2021年 | 378篇 |
2020年 | 433篇 |
2019年 | 308篇 |
2018年 | 298篇 |
2017年 | 293篇 |
2016年 | 450篇 |
2015年 | 512篇 |
2014年 | 600篇 |
2013年 | 719篇 |
2012年 | 860篇 |
2011年 | 910篇 |
2010年 | 605篇 |
2009年 | 607篇 |
2008年 | 651篇 |
2007年 | 636篇 |
2006年 | 575篇 |
2005年 | 466篇 |
2004年 | 390篇 |
2003年 | 295篇 |
2002年 | 317篇 |
2001年 | 246篇 |
2000年 | 244篇 |
1999年 | 368篇 |
1998年 | 339篇 |
1997年 | 362篇 |
1996年 | 329篇 |
1995年 | 287篇 |
1994年 | 240篇 |
1993年 | 229篇 |
1992年 | 191篇 |
1991年 | 161篇 |
1990年 | 144篇 |
1989年 | 125篇 |
1988年 | 80篇 |
1987年 | 81篇 |
1986年 | 33篇 |
1985年 | 31篇 |
1984年 | 11篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 7篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1916年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
971.
Zhe Zhang Li Chen Mingxiao Deng Yunyan Bai Xuesi Chen Xiabin Jing 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2011,49(13):2941-2951
In this article, novel smart hydrogels based on biodegradable pH sensitive poly(L ‐glutamic acid‐g‐2‐hydroxylethyl methacrylate) (PGH) chains and temperature‐sensitive hydroxypropylcellulose‐g‐acrylic acid (HPC‐g‐AA) segments were designed and synthesized. The influence of pH and temperature on the equilibrium swelling ratios of the hydrogels was discussed. The optical transmittance of the hydrogels was also changed as a function of temperature, which reflecting that the HPC‐g‐AA part of the hydrogels became hydrophobic at the temperature above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). At the same time, the LCST of the hydrogels had a visible pH‐dependent behavior. Scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed the morphology of the hydrogels before and after enzymatic degradation. The biodegradation rate of the hydrogels was directly related to the PGH content and the pH value. The in vitro release of bovine serum albumin from the hydrogels were investigated. The release profiles indicated that both the HPC‐g‐AA and PGH contents played important roles in the drug release behaviors. These results show that the smart hydrogels seem to be of great promise in pH–temperature oral drug delivery systems. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011 相似文献
972.
Weiping Zhou Ping Shen Bin Zhao Peng Jiang Lijun Deng Songting Tan 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2011,49(12):2685-2692
Two novel low band gap conjugated copolymers containing porphyrins, thiophenes, and 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole ( BTZ ) moieties were synthesized and applied in bulk heterojunction solar cells. The thermal, optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of the two copolymers were examined to investigate the effect of the introduction of BTZ moiety in the backbone of the porphyrin polymers. The copolymers exhibited good thermal stability and film‐forming ability. The absorption spectra indicated that the BTZ moiety has significant influence on the UV–visible region spectra of the copolymers: with increasing the molar amount of BTZ moieties in conjugated main chain, the absorption in the range of 450–700 nm is largely broadened and red‐shifted compared to the similar polymers without BTZ moiety, and the optical band gaps of copolymers were narrowed to ~1.50 eV. The photoluminescence spectra showed that there is effective charge transfer in the whole conjugated main chain. Cyclic voltammetry displayed that the band gaps were reduced effectively by the introduction of the BTZ moieties. The bulk heterojunction solar cells were fabricated based on the blend of the copolymers and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) in a 1:2 weight ratio. The maximum power conversion efficiency of 0.91% was obtained by using P2 as the electron donor under the illumination of AM 1.5, 100 mW/cm2. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011 相似文献
973.
Benchuan Zhu Guannan Qian Yuli Xiao Sheng Deng Meng Wang Aiguo Hu 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2011,49(24):5330-5338
Employing enediynes as crosslinking precursors, a novel yet efficient strategy, namely photo‐triggered Bergman cyclization, was integrated with intramolecular chain collapse to yield polymeric nanoparticles with the size regime below 20 nm. Enediyne motif was designed delicately to possess a high photo‐reactivity, with the double bond locked in a methyl benzoate ring while triple bonds substituted with phenyls. Single electron transfer‐living radical polymerization was conducted to provide linear acrylate copolymers with controlled molecular weights and narrow polydispersities. Poly(butylarylate‐co‐ 5 ) went through UV‐irradiation with a concurrent Bergman cyclization, resulting in well‐defined ultrafine polymeric nanoparticles. Results from NMR, Raman scattering, photoluminescence and UV‐vis spectra corroborated the presence of conjugative structures in the polymeric nanoparticles, indicating the occurrence of photo‐induced Bergman cyclization. A series of other acrylate‐based nanoparticles were investigated to confirm the applicability of such a unique strategy in thermal sensitive but UV‐stable polymeric structures, making photo‐Bergman cyclization a promising tool towards polymeric nanoparticles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011 相似文献
974.
Rui Qiao Hua Deng Karl W. Putz L. Catherine Brinson 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2011,49(10):740-748
In this article, we utilize finite element modeling to investigate the effect of nanoparticle agglomeration on the glass transition temperature of polymer nanocomposites. The case of an attractive interaction between polymer and nanofiller is considered for which an interphase domain of gradient properties is developed. This model utilizes representative volume elements that are created and analyzed with varying degrees of nanoparticle clustering and length scale of interphase domain. The viscoelastic properties of the composites are studied using a statistical approach to account for variations due to the random nature of the microstructure. Results show that a monotonic increase in nanofiller clustering not only results in the loss of interphase volume but also obstructs the formation of a percolating interphase network in the nanocomposite. The combined impacts lead to a remarkable decrease of Tg enhancement of clustering nanofillers in comparison with a well‐dispersed configuration. Our simulation results provide qualitative support for experimental observations that clustering observed at high nanofiller concentrations negatively impacts the effects of the nanofiller on overall properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011 相似文献
975.
Du‐Qiang Luo Hui‐Ying Deng Xiao‐Long Yang Bao‐Zhong Shi Jing‐Ze Zhang 《Helvetica chimica acta》2011,94(6):1041-1047
Three new triterpenoid derivatives, named (15α)‐15‐hydroxysoyasapogenol B ( 1 ), (7β,15α)‐7,15‐dihydroxysoyasapogenol B ( 2 ), and (7β)‐7,29‐dihydroxysoyasapogenol B ( 3 ), were isolated from cultures of the plant endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis clavispora. Their structures and relative configurations were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and X‐ray crystallography. 相似文献
976.
The work strengthens the result established by L. Cohen on uncertainty principle involving phase derivative. We propose stronger uncertainty principles not only in the classical setting for Fourier transform, but also for self-adjoint operators. We also deduce the conditions that give rise to the equal relation of the uncertainty principle. Examples are provided to show that the new uncertainty principle is truly sharper than the existing ones in literature. 相似文献
977.
Based on a variant of 2-site Jaynes–Cummings–Hubbard model constructed using superconducting circuits, we propose a method to coherently superpose the localized and delocalized phases of microwave photons, which makes it possible to engineer the collective features of multiple photons in the quantum way using an individual two-level system. Our proposed architecture is also a promising candidate for implementing distributed quantum computation since it is capable of coupling remote qubits in separate resonators in a controllable way. 相似文献
978.
Ming-Cheng Yang Xue Tang Si-Wei Liu Hui-Qing Deng Jin-Ju Lei Ying-Juan Gao Bo Han Hai-Lei Cui 《Tetrahedron letters》2018,59(2):138-142
A K3PO4 promoted dipolar [3+3] cyclization of dihydroisoquinoline imines and arylacyl bromides has been developed. This process realized the direct synthesis of pyrazino[2,1-a]isoquinoline derivatives in 44–69% yields. A head to tail dimerization was proposed as key step for this procedure. 相似文献
979.
980.
Chao Feng Meng Zhang GuoQiang Lin Qiang Gu HaiXiao Deng JianHui Chen Dong Wang ZhenTang Zhao 《科学通报(英文版)》2012,57(26):3423-3429
Cascading stages of high-gain harmonic generation(HGHG) free electron laser(FEL) is a promising way to produce fully coherent X-ray radiation.As a test facility for modern FEL R&D,the Shanghai deep ultraviolet FEL(SDUV-FEL) is now under upgrading for the cascading two stages of HGHG experiment.Since the energy of the electron beam is as low as about 185 MeV after upgrade,the total harmonic number of this two stages HGHG is only 2×2,and the wavelength of the final radiation is 196.5 nm which is the 4th harmonic of the 786 nm seed laser.With help of three-dimensional simulation codes,design studies on the FEL physics for the cascaded HGHG experiment are present based on the parameters of the upgraded SDUV-FEL facility.It is found from the simulation results that the part of the electron beam which has been used in the first stage can still generate powerful radiation in the radiator of the second stage,and this radiation will be difficult to be separated from the radiation generated by the fresh part of the electron beam.To overcome this problem,a novel method based on the energy spectrum of the electron beam is proposed in this paper to demonstrate the "fresh bunch" technique. 相似文献