Pd-catalyzed direct arylation of 3-fluorofurans utilizing the neighboring effect of fluorine atom: facile synthesis of tetrasubstituted monofluoro furans

Pd-catalyzed direct arylation of 3-fluorofurans with a variety of aryl bromides was facilitated by the neighboring effect of fluorine atom to provide tetrasubstituted monofluoro furans in moderate to good yields.     

期权思想在多阶段项目投资中的应用

本文主要借助期权理论,讨论项目投资分多阶段进行时选择最佳投资的问题.首先通过在单阶段投资下建立项目投资的最佳选择框架,然后展开到项目投资分两个阶段进行的情形上进行讨论分析,得出此情形下的投资选择结论,最后把这一结论扩展到项目投资分多阶段进行的项目上.     

Combining atom‐transfer radical polymerization and ring‐opening polymerization through bifunctional initiators derived from hydroxy benzyl alcohol—Preparation and characterization of initiators,macroinitiators, and block copolymers

A simple, one‐step procedure has been developed for the preparation of bifunctional initiators capable of polymerizing monomers suitable for atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and ring‐opening polymerization (ROP). These bifunctional initiators were employed for making narrow disperse poly(styrene) macroinitiators, which were subsequently used for the ROP of various lactides to yield poly(styrene‐block‐lactide) copolymers. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of these block copolymers are interesting in that it shows a two‐step degradation curve with the first step corresponding to the degradation of poly(lactide) segment and the second step associated with the poly(styrene) segment of the block copolymer. This nature of the block copolymer makes it possible to estimate the block copolymer content by TGA in addition to the ¹H NMR spectroscopic analysis. Thus, this study for the first time highlights the possibility of making porous materials by thermal means which are otherwise obtained by base hydrolysis. The bifunctional initiators were prepared by the esterification of 3‐hydroxy, 4‐hydroxy, and 3,5‐dihydroxy benzyl alcohols with α‐bromoisobutyryl bromide and 2‐bromobutyryl bromide. A mixture of products was obtained, which were purified by column chromatography. The esterified benzyl alcohols were employed in the polymerization of styrene under copper (Cu)‐catalyzed ATRP conditions to yield macroinitiators with low polydispersity. These macroinitiators were subsequently used in the ROP of L ‐, DL ‐, and mixture of lactides. The formation of block copolymers was confirmed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), spectroscopic and thermal characterizations. The molecular weight of the block copolymers was always higher than the macroinitiator, and the GPC chromatogram was symmetrical indicating the uniform initiation of ROP by the macroinitiators. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 102–116, 2008     

LC Separation and Determination of Five Diester-Diterpenoid Alkaloids in the Unprocessed and Processed Aconite Roots

A reliable liquid chromatographic method with photodiode array detector (DAD) was developed and validated for simultaneous separation and determination of five diester-diterpenoid alkaloids in the aconite roots. The separation was successfully performed on a Zorbax Extend-C₁₈ column with a mobile phase gradient prepared from methanol and ammonia solution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min^?1. Good linearity (r > 0.999) was observed over the concentration ranges investigated, and intra-day and inter-day precision were high. The mean recoveries of five components ranged from 90.45 to 102.63% and relative standard deviations were always <5%. The validated method was successfully used for simultaneous determination of the five diester-diterpenoid alkaloids of unprocessed and processed aconite roots. The quantitative method provided a scientific basis for safety assurance and clinical application of aconite roots.     

氧化铁系乙苯脱氢催化剂的SEM—EDAX研究

用SEM-EDAX 对氧化铁系乙苯脱氢催化剂进行了形貌观察和微区成份分析,结果与 Mubler 等人描述的结构不同,该种催化剂是由外部覆盖层和内部主体层构成。覆盖层是由小块片状晶体堆垛成疏松的层状结构单元,这些结构单元松散地联接起来结成薄层,覆盖在催化剂的表面上,内部主体层是由大量的棒状晶体松散地堆垛而成。分析表明,前者是钾的化合物,是活性相在大气中分解、水解和吸收CO_2生成的产物;后者是α-Fe_2O_3或Fe_3O_4的晶体。     

Complex-wave retrieval based on blind signal separation

In the process of the reconstruction of digital holography, the traditional methods of diffraction and filtration are commonly adopted to recover the original complex-wave signal. Influenced by twin-image and zero-order terms, the above-mentioned methods, however, either limit the field of vision or result in the loss of the amplitude and phase. A new method for complex-wave retrieval is presented, which is based on blind signal separation. Three frames of holograms are captured by a charge coupled device (CCD)camera to form an observation signal. The term containing only amplitude and phase of complex-wave is separated, by means of independent component analysis, from the observation signal, which effectively eliminates the zero-order term. Finally, the complex-wave retrieval of pure phase wavefront is achieved.Experimental results show that this method can better recover the amplitude and phase of the original complex-wave even when there is a frequency spectrum mixture in the hologram.     

Flashlamp-pumped laser performance of LiCaAIF6:Cr3+

The results of flashlamp pumping of the LiCaAIF₆:Cr³⁺ (Cr:LiCAF) laser crystal are reported. We have so far obtained slope efficiencies as high as 1.55% in a close-coupled, diffusely reflecting cavity. Based on the measured insertion loss of the presently available material, we predict that an efficiency of about 4% will be obtained when low-loss material becomes available. This extrapolated efficiency is comparable with the performance of a high-quality alexandrite laser rod in the same apparatus.     

受石油污染的滨海盐渍土强度特性研究

以受石油污染的滨海盐渍土为研究对象,借助稠度、无侧限抗压强度及抗剪强度指标,量化石油污染对滨海盐渍土的影响程度。结果表明：随着石油污染水平的加剧,石油污染盐渍土的液限和塑限缓慢下降,塑性指数缓慢增大,但整体影响均较小;无侧限条件下,污染土的抗压强度随石油污染水平加剧而不断下降,污染土的破坏面呈自下向上发展的（45°＋φ／2）态势。含油量越多,破坏面越大,在25％污染水平下,无侧限抗压强度较未污染的下降了70％,破坏面贯通整个试样;围压条件下,污染土的黏聚力和内摩擦角随污染水平加剧呈波动式反向变化,破坏形态体现为塑性,呈中部“鼓胀”应变硬化型。     

Thermally Evaporated Ag–Au Bimetallic Catalysts for Efficient Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) has indispensable significance for carbon recycling and renewable energy production. As typical electrochemical catalysts, Au and Ag show relatively high reaction activity and selectivity in CO₂RR. In this study, a series of Ag–Au bimetallic catalysts are designed and synthesized through the thermal evaporation method for efficient yet massive production of electrochemical catalysts. The Ag–Au catalysts show significantly enhanced activity and selectivity in CO₂RR, which is mainly attributed to the increased grain boundaries with well-dispersed single Ag atoms. After the optimization, Au20Ag10 exhibits the best performance with a CO Faraday efficiency of 89% at −0.9 V (vs the reversible hydrogen electrode) with good stability.