氮化硼纳米管阵列储氢的计算机模拟

采用巨正则蒙特卡罗方法模拟常温、中等压强下单壁氮化硼纳米管阵列的物理吸附储氢,重点研究压强、纳米管阵列的管径和管间距对单壁氮化硼纳米管阵列物理吸附储氢的影响.计算结果表明,氮化硼纳米管阵列的储氢性能明显优于碳纳米管阵列,在常温和中等压强下的物理吸附储氢量(质量百分数)可以达到和超过美国能源部提出的商业标准.并给出相应的理论解释.     

一种测量无规则裂缝宽度的量化模型与实现

建立了一种测量无规则裂缝宽度的量化模型,提出了一种真伪裂缝区域分割新方法.该方法通过边缘检测并利用形态学膨胀运算,在待测裂缝的两侧边缘区域选取近似等量的目标像素和背景像素后,设置门限以自适应选取最佳分割阈值,提取出裂缝区域,进而提取裂缝的走势及边缘像素,用建立的量化模型,即可实现宽度测量.该测量方法能有效克服裂缝图像的噪音较大、裂缝不规则等弊端,去除裂缝图像的伪裂缝区域,测量结果的重复准确度在0.1mm以内.实验结果表明,该方法有效地实现了裂缝宽度的准确测量,具有较强的适应性.     

短波碲镉汞光伏器件的低频噪声研究

对所研制的短波光伏碲镉汞器件进行了变温电流-电压特性和低频噪声研究，测试温度范围255—293K.实验结果表明随着温度的下降，器件的优值因子R₀A从45×10³Ωcm²增加到7×10⁴Ωcm².器件在低频区的主要噪 声成分是1/f噪声和产生-复合噪声，在高频区主要是散粒噪声.在测试的偏压内，器件的1/f噪声功率谱密度与流过器件的电流的平方成正比，器件的Hooge系数为3×10^-4—7×10^-4.从噪声 功率谱密度曲线分析中得到产生-复合噪声的特征时间常数τ，通过τ的温度特性得到了器件的深能级. 关键词： 碲镉汞 优值因子 低频噪声 深能级     

Hydrogen adsorption and desorption on the Pt and Pd subnano clusters – a review

In this review, we present our recent first principles studies on the sequential H₂ dissociative chemisorption and H desorption on the Pt_n and Pd_n clusters (n=2-9, 13). Upon full saturation by H atoms, the calculated H₂ dissociative chemisorption energy and H desorption energy on Pt₁₃ and Pd₁₃ clusters are similar to the corresponding values on smaller close-packed clusters. Indeed, the catalytic performances of these subnano clusters do not vary significantly with the particle sizes or shapes. Instead, they are dependent on the surface metal atoms which can be accessed by H atoms. In addition to the coverage dependency of the H₂dissociative chemisorption and H sequential desorption energies, the phase transition of both Pt₁₃ and Pd₁₃from the icosahedral to fcc-like structures at certain H coverage was also investigated.     

盖尔曼--博学多才特立独行的物理学家

本文就盖尔曼的成长历程、生平业绩、非凡的直觉以及独特的科研风格作一简要介绍．旨在纪念“夸克模型”创立40周年，籍以弘扬盖尔曼精湛的科学方法和伟大的科学精神．     

振动合成在气垫导轨上的验证

晶格中原子的集体振动——声子与晶格的热力学性质密切相关。它是凝聚态物理中的重要内容并具有广泛的应用。由于介绍量子化的声子需要较多的基础知识,目前很少在本科教学中展示该内容。本文从经典物理的角度出发,通过气垫导轨实验来演示滑块的集体振荡,验证了任一种振动均是由基振动线性叠加而成,这一实验在本科教学中可帮助学生理解"合成、叠加、耦合"等现代物理学概念。     

Role of entropy generation minimization in thermal optimization

Thermal optimization is very important for improving the performances of thermal systems. In engineering, the entropy generation minimization(EGM) has been widely used to optimize and evaluate the performances of thermal systems.However, the consistency between the EGM and the optimization objective should be specified when the EGM is used.In this paper, we discuss the view angle of irreversibility of entropy generation, and show that entropy generation directly reflects the exergy destruction or the ability loss of doing work. As the design objective in a thermal system is not often consistent with the view angle of irreversibility of entropy generation, the EGM may not lead to the optimal value of the design objective. In heat transfer and heat-work conversion, the inconsistence between the design objectives and the EGM is shown with some examples, and the applicability of the EGM is found to be conditional. The "entropy generation paradox" in heat exchanger analyses is also discussed, and it is shown that there is no direct monotonic relation between the minimum entropy generation rate and the best heat transfer performance of heat exchangers.     

Calculated cross sections for the single ionization of atoms (N, Cu, As, Se, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Pb) by electron impact

By correcting some primary parameters in the semi-classical Deutsch--M?rk (DM) formula, this paper calculates the absolute single electron-impact ionization cross sections of atoms N, Cu, As, Se, Sn, Sb, Te, I and Pb from threshold to 10000eV. The calculated cross sections are compared with available experimental data and other theoretical results. An excellent agreement was achieved between the calculated and measured cross sections for these atoms over a wide range of impact energies.     

W·H·布拉格的科学实验观与人文观探析

简要地介绍与剖析了W·H·布拉格的科学实验观与人文观．