Universal variable length coding for an integrated approach to image coding

We propose a new entropy coding scheme, denoted in this paper as the UVLC (universal variable length coding). It is universal in the sense that its efficiency is close to one for a large class of images. The UVLC, when it is applied to block orthogonal transforms, processes groups of blocks at the bit level, using universal codes designed for binary memoryless sources. It can be used for every video coding application, from high definition TV (HDTV) to high quality videotelephony (above 2 Mbit/s) for transform or subband coding. Last but not least, its implementation is very regular and can be realized in a single chip for the encoding oftv at theccir 601 format.     

Formation of a disordered layer lattice during the intercalation of water into anhydrous vanadyl phosphate

The course of intercalation of water into ₁-VOPO₄ has been studied by thermomechanical analysis and X-ray diffraction. Neither formation of vanadyl phosphate monohydrate nor staging were observed during the intercalation. The broadening and the shift of the positions of the lines in the diffractograms have been explained by the random stacking of intercalated and nonintercalated layers in the sample.     

Pulsed-laser photolysis of Mn2(CO)10: A time-resolved fluorescence study

Mn₂(CO)₁₀ was photolysed in the gas phase by the XeCl-excimer laser with fluence in the range 25–300 mJ/cm² and a dye laser. The UV/VIS emission of the products was probed on a nanosecond time scale. The emission from excited states of metal atoms was detected only. The Mn atoms are predominantly formed in their ground statea ⁶ S _{2 1/2}. The absorption of one photon and the subsequent relaxation process leads to the formation ofz ⁶ P _J ⁰ (J = 11/2, 21/2, 31/2) states and emission of photons at a wavelength of 403 nm. The formation of the excited statese ⁸ D _{5 1/2},z ⁶ F _{4 1/2} ⁰ ande ⁶ D _{4 1/2} and the subsequent emission observed at wavelengths of 357, 383 and 446 nm requires the absorption of two photons by the ground-state Mn atoms. In addition, transition from thea ⁶ D _j (J = 11/2, 21/2) lower states were observed in the wavelength-resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) spectra.     

The frequency-domain method reveals the dimeric structure of Na,K-ATPase

Lucifer yellow and lissamine rhodamine sulfonyl hydrazine were used as the donor and the receptor, respectively, for Förster energy transfer measurements to determine the location of the subunit in the native Na,K-ATPase from pig kidney. It was found that (1) the subunits are located in one functional complex, i.e., the dimer ()₂ appears to be the functional complex of Na,K-ATPase, and (2) the subunits in the functional enzyme complex in the membrane are not located next to each other but are rather well separated. The distance between fluorophores covalently attached to the subunits was found to be 5.3 nm.     

Measurement of L&agr; and Lß X-ray fluorescence cross sections in Er, Ta, W and Au by 16.896–59.543 keV photons

La and Lb X-ray fluorescence cross sections in Er, Ta, W and Au at excitation energies of 16.896, 22.581, 25.770, 32.890, 38.184, 43.949, 50.214 and 59.5 keV were investigated. Measurements were made using a low energy Si(Li) detector coupled to a model 4096 computerized multi-channel analyser. The experimental results were compared with the theoretically calculated values of L X-rays fluorescence cross sections and other experimental results. Good agreement was observed between experimental and theoretical values.     

Antibacterial activity of methylated chitosan and chitooligomer derivatives: Synthesis and structure activity relationships

The purpose of this study was to synthesize series of methylated chitosaccharide derivatives, possessing various degree of methylation, and to determine their structure activity relationship (SAR) with regard to their antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus. Chitosan polymer and chitooligomers were used as starting materials and were methylated by reaction with methyl iodide. Depending on the reaction conditions the degree of N-quaternization ranged from 0% to 74%, with varying degree of N,N-dimethylation, N-monomethylation and O-methylation. More selective N-quaternization could be obtained with protection group strategy. At pH 5.5 the chitosaccharide polymers and their methylated derivatives were active against S. aureus with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 16 to 512 μg/mL. At pH 7.2 the non-quaternized derivatives were inactive but their highly N-quaternized derivatives showed MIC as low as 8 μg/mL. The chitooligomers, as well as their derivatives, were inactive at both pH’s. The SAR studies revealed that N-quaternization was mainly responsible for the antibacterial effects at pH 7.2, whereas it did not contribute to the antibacterial activity under acidic conditions.     

1-酰基苯并咪唑及3-酰基-2-硫代噻唑烷酮衍生物的合成

苯并咪唑类化合物在杀菌剂研究中已取得可喜的结果,如苯菌灵、多菌灵,具有生物活性的酰基苯并咪唑类化合物已见报道,Richmond等研究发现保护性杀菌剂克菌丹在植物体内被代谢成具有内吸活性的含酰基硫代噻唑烷酮的氨基酸,杀菌和杀线虫剂N-244的结     

Optical spectra and localization of excitons in inhomogeneous helical cylindrical aggregates

We study the linear optical properties of helical cylindrical molecular aggregates accounting for the effects of static diagonal disorder. Absorption, linear dichroism, and circular dichroism spectra are presented, calculated using brute force numerical simulations and a modified version of the coherent potential approximation that accounts for finite size effects by using the appropriate open boundary conditions. Excellent agreement between both approaches is found. It is also shown that the inclusion of disorder results in a better agreement between calculated and measured spectra for the chlorosomes of green bacteria as compared to our previous report, where we restricted ourselves to homogeneous cylinders [Didraga, Klugkist, and Knoester, J. Phys. Chem. B 106, 11474 (2002)]. For the excitons that govern the optical response, we also investigate the disorder-induced localization properties. By analyzing an autocorrelation function of the exciton wave function, we find a strongly anisotropic localization behavior, closely following the properties of chiral wave functions which previously have been found for homogenoeus helical cylinders [Didraga and Knoester, J. Chem. Phys. 121, 946 (2004)]. It is shown that the circular dichroism spectrum may still show a strong dependence on the cylinder length, even when the exciton wave function is localized in a region small compared to the cylinder's size.     

Catalytic wet air oxidation of oleic acid on ceria-supported platinum catalyst.effect of pH

Summary Catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) of oleic acid was carried out in a batch reactor on platinum supported ceria catalyst (Pt/CeO₂). Oleic acid is a water insoluble linear unsaturated fatty acid of 18 carbon atoms. To increase the homogeneity of the solution by saponification, the influence of NaOH additions in oleic acid CWAO mechanism and catalyst performances have been investigated. The oxidation of such molecule occurs by two types of mechanisms: successive carboxy-decarboxylation which leads essentially to CO₂and/or C-C bonds splitting in the alkyl chain inducing a high formation of acetic acid. With or without NaOH, the 5%Pt/CeO₂catalyst is active in the conversion of oleic acid and selective to carbon dioxide. In alkaline medium, oleic acid is initially saponified which increases the solubility of the reactant before it to be oxidized. Finally the oxidation is slightly delayed by the presence of NaOH. The catalyst characterizations show no significant difference before and after reaction.</o:p>